English Renaissance (1500-1625) 14.15世纪Humanism人文主义: Emphases the worth of life in this world, and the dignity of human beingThree periods:1.Imitation and assimilation同化------14世纪末到16世纪上半叶2.Elizabethan Age-flowering time -----16世纪下半叶----Shakespeare3.Epilogue收尾of the English Renaissance------------17世纪初Effect：not confined to literature, music and the fine arts, but affected the whole development of civilization, a broad line dividing Middle Age and Modern Age.William Shakespeare代表作：Hamlet,哈姆雷特Othello, King Lear,李尔王, Romeo and JulietThe Merchant of V enice:Bassanio巴萨尼奥Antonio安东尼奥,Shylock夏洛克,Bassanio’s girlfriend, PortiaTheme: praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a woman of great wisdom, and to disclose the cruelty of shylock. The play is a triumph of friendship and love over greed and avarice, good over evil, humanity over inhumanity.The 17th CenturyMetaphysical School 玄学派特点：complex, highly intellectual verse诗filled with intricate错综的and far-fetched牵强附会metaphor. Many are about love and death and religion.1.John Donne代表作：An Anatomy解剖in the medieval中世纪, Of the Progress of the soul, A Valediction告别演说: Forbidding Mourning2.John MiltonParadise Lost---epicSatan: intelligent and eloquent雄辩的, pride, courageous and cannot be defeated, question the authority of God, stand for freedom and liberty.God: cruel, unjust, and selfishAdam and Eve: power of man—humanismMiltonic style：Long and involved sentence, a varity of pause, oratorical and logical, use inversion倒装and allusion典故.The 18th century1.Daniel Defoe代表作：The life and strange surprising adventure of Robinson CrusoeTheme: struggling against nature and human fate with an indomitable不屈的will and highly praise his creative labor, mental and physical, an allusion to the glorification赞颂of the bourgeois资产阶级creativity when it was a rising and more energetic class in the initial stage原始期of its historical development.2.William Blake代表作：London, The Tyger, The song of innocence(delight) and The song of experience.(confushion)3.Robert Burns---Scottish poet, write poem about ove代表作：Auld Lang Syne友谊地久天长，A red red rose, Scots, Wha Hae. Classicism: an attitude to literature that is guided by admiration of the qualities of formal balance, proportion, decorum, and restraint attributed to the major works of ancient Greek and Roman literature.在文艺理论和创作实践上以古希腊、罗马文学为典范和样板而被称为“古典主义”。
直到19世纪初浪漫主义文艺兴起才结束. 它在17世纪的法国最为盛行，发展也最为完备。
在创作理论上强调模仿古代，主张用民族规范语言，按照规定的创作原则（如戏剧的三一律）进行创作，追求艺术完美。
The Romantic period ( 1798-1832)特征：1)主体性subjective2)自发性spontaneity3)Individual4)Irrational5)Imaginative6)Free verse form 自由诗体7)Emotional代表作者：1.William Wordsworth—lonely, lofty.代表作：I wandered lonely as a cloud, the solitary Reaper2.Percy Bysshe ShelleyBackground: highly political代表作：Ode to the West Wind技巧：personification, metaphor, parallelism创作背景：欧洲各国的工人运动和革命运动风起云涌。
英国工人阶级为了争取自身的生存权利，正同资产阶级展开英勇的斗争，捣毁机器和罢工事件接连不断。
雪莱满怀悲愤，写下了长诗《暴政的假面游行》，对资产阶级政府的血腥暴行提出严正抗议。
评价：诗人用优美而蓬勃的想象写出了西风的形象。
那气势恢宏的诗句，强烈撼人的激情把西风的狂烈、急于扫除旧世界创造新世界的形象展现在人们面前。
诗中比喻奇特，形象鲜明，枯叶的腐朽、狂女的头发、黑色的雨、夜的世界无不深深地震撼着人们的心灵。
西风已经成了一种象征，它是一种无处不在的宇宙精神，一种打破旧世界，追求新世界的西风精神。
诗人以西风自喻，表达了自己对生活的信念和向旧世界宣战的决心。
3.John Keats代表作：Ode to a NightingmaleTheme: 歌颂美，真，和永恒. Show his sympathy for and his keen understanding of human miseries in the society in which he lived.The Victorian periodEnglish Critical Realism:着力于暴露社会的黑暗，批判现实的罪恶。
资本主义社会的严峻现实，使他们感到窒息、愤懑，因而他们能对腐败的制度和利己主义泛滥的社会风尚进行无情的暴露。
这些作家敢于正视社会现实，勇于探索罪恶的根由，大胆揭露丑恶的社会现象，为人们认识资本主义社会提供了形象的材料，打破了人们对于资本主义的乐观情绪。
1.Charles Dickens代表作：Great Expectation, A tale of Two CitiesOliver Twist: describes the thieves’ den and the London underworld and exposes the extreme brutality残暴and corruption of the oppressor压迫者under the mask of philanthropy慈善and the hardship and sufferings of the poor and oppressed in England during the author’s day.2.William Thackeray代表作: Vanity FairBecky:is an adventurous woman who hungers渴望after the class that everyone else possesses. She learns early on to look after her own interests in all situations. Becky values money and social status above all and is thoroughly corrupt in her pursuit of them.Und erstanding of “No Hero”: No one is good enough to be a heroPortray a whole society rather than individual.3.Emily Bronte代表作：Wuthering HeightsTheme: She narrated叙述the story with impartial公平的compassion同情and dramatized with unrelenting无情的force her intuitive apprehension of the nature of life. Emily seemed to emphasize that it was fate that drove them together, and under a special environment human love isa source of tragic disaster.艺术的想象形式表达了十九世纪资本主义社会中的人的精神上的压迫、紧张与矛盾冲突。