专业文献综述题目: 关于《呼啸山庄》的文献综述Literature Review on Wuthering Heights 姓名: 武景学院: 外国语学院专业: 英语班级: 英语111班学号: 21111128指导教师: 范晴职称: 教授2014 年10 月30 日南京农业大学教务处制关于《呼啸山庄》的文献综述英语专业学生指导老师摘要：《呼啸山庄》是艾米丽·勃朗特唯一一部也是极负盛名的一部作品，历来备受关注，学者也从不同的角度对其作了大量研究,近30年来，国内对该作品的研究主要集中在：西斯科立夫和凯瑟琳的爱情；该作品所反映的宗教观念；该作品体现的哥特式；该作品反映的女性主义的以及从主人翁西斯科立夫复仇。

关键字：呼啸山庄西斯科立夫复仇象征主义女性主义Literature Review on Wuthering HeightsStudent majoring in English Wu JingTutor Fan QingAbstract: Wuthering Heights is Emily Bronte’s only but eminent work. For 3 decades, it has attained great attention. Scholars have done their researches from various perspectives, which mainly center on: the love between Heathcliff and Catherine, religious conception indicated in the work, technics applied in the work, gothic features in Wuthering Heights, feminism, revenge and hatred of Heathcliff.Keywords: Wuthering Heights Heathcliff revenge symbolism feminism IntroductionWith the integration of culture as well as the spread of English, English literature has come to domestic common people’s daily life and aroused increasing attention by its exotic uniqueness, especially expressed in literary work, such as Wuthering Heights. Recent 30 years, a great amount of research papers of wuthering Heights have given us a detailed, downright, comprehensive and deep comprehension of this work.This paper analyzes recent 30 years’papers and research reports of Wuthering Heights and divides them according to their authors’ different attitudes and from what aspects they look into the work which centers on Heathcliff’s revenge.1Love between Heathcliff and CatherineThe love between Heathcliff and Catherine is beyond earthly conception. “This kind of love, to two soul mates, goes beyond the dream of getting the greatest pleasure from each other in either spirit or body”, analyzed Nan Li (李楠2010:326). And Ping Fang (方平1989) mentions in one of his paper, what is love? Here, only this kind of love, no matters, life or death, counted, no ceasing to be faithful to love, burning like fire, with two souls hugging tightly and melting into each other, can really be called love. No matter earthly bias or traditional morality, all have been burned into ashes by the fierce fire of their love, he also says.It is said that human,when created, had four hands, four feet, one head but with two same faces on one neck, and other parts of his body being in pair, but later, Zeus, the God, cut them into two parts. From then on, these two parts began to seek for one another, and once they do, they hug each other, without eating or drinking anything till death. According to this mythology, Plato explained, everyone is the half of the whole, and always searches for the other half. The original desire for and the process of searching for the other half are called love. Love is human’s memory of his own original state as the whole, and human’s desire to integrating with another half so as to be back to the original state of being the whole. Ruoxi Pu (蒲若茜1997：112) thought, in wuthering Heights, the love between Heathcliff and Catherine is the best reproduction of the prototype of this type of love.It is to this kind of love, that the two characters devoted their both lives. For Catherine, Heathcliff is her soul, “ my love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath——a source of little visible delight, but necessary. … I am Heathcliff! He is always, always in my mind…”. For Heathcliff, Catherine is also regarded as the same to him, “I forgive what you have done to me, I love my murderer…”. It is this kind of love between them that have moved its readers generation after generation.2.Religious conception indicated in the workIn the work, Joseph, a supporting role, can be by no means ignored, as well as his book of Bible. In many scenes, his appearances are involved in religious events. How should we look at the author’s attitudes towards Christianity and whether the author fully accepts the present religion or not? We may find out the answers from different perspectives.2.1.From the love between Heathcliff and CatherineThe love between Heathcliff and Catherine is one of the themes of the work as well as the fundamental clue of the whole story. Emily Bronte seemed to have injected religious concept in it. “Emily supports the positive aspects of Christianity and satirizes its hypocrisy”, said Zhu Hong (朱虹2008:7) “That is natural love (her love with Heathcliff) she developed when she was young and it represents the love of ego…… in the end, she gives her spirit to Heathcliff…… the love with Heathcliff is more passionate”. What Emily praises through Catherine are wild nature of human, freedom, rebelling against traditional restraints for women.2.2 From the character of HeathcliffJingjing Ju (鞠菁菁2007:19-20) considers in her thesis that, human, not considered to be able to be independent from the God, cannot survive against the God’s will. God controls life source and human are just receivers and God is a giver or the provider, the deep meaning of which is that human cannot do what they want, nor they become heroes. But Heathcliff has been made crazy and vicious revenger and gets lots of magical impulse and power. He puts his love to Catherine above everything including God. All of these characters partially put the novel beyond people’s acceptance in the 19th century. Through the description of Heathcliff, Emily waged challenge to the traditional value of the religion at that time.3.Technics applied in the work3.1. Symbolism3.1.1. In the description of the natural environmentIn this work, Emily has used many things to symbolize other things. Sen Li (李森1999:90-91) points out that wilderness is symbolic background throughout the book. The significance of wilderness cannot be expressed by logistical words, because Emily Bronte created this work by symbolic method not by concept. Sen Li（李森1999：91）thinks it is the wild nature as well as its vitality that enthralled the two main characters, though not couples were they when alive, their souls meet together after deaths in the wilderness. Their souls have entered into eternal state where the fires of lives have no end, love is unlimited and delight is extended without border. So wilderness is the symbol of their love and freedom.The description of the natural environment around when Catherine dies, including the roaring wind and the storm of the snow, stresses the sorrow and pain of Heathcliff. Letong Zhang and Ningbing Yu (张乐同,余凝冰2014:37-41) point out, ice and snow froze lives of the whole world and symbolize that the death of Catherine has taken away all hopes of Heathcliff.3.1.2. In the character’s name——HeathcliffCaixia Rao (饶彩霞2000：21) considers, Heathcliff, hero in Wuthering Heights, symbolizes a kind of tree, heather, growing in the cracks of stones. The tree struggles hard in such dangerous places as cliffs and steeps, and its figure has been distorted, which symbolize the character of Heathcliff.3.2. Other technics applied in the workWuthering Heights features originality, methods of stream of consciousness, symbolism as well as the subtleness of its language, writes Caixia Rao (饶彩霞2000：18). Jing Liu (刘静2001：67) concludes, firstly, the reality space in wuthering Heights is closed where the story occurs. The closed space described by the female writer is a narrow corner of the wide world. Fuyong Zhang (张福勇2007：40) attribute the success of this work not only to “its profound themes, its poetic language,its brilliant characterization and its delicate artistic qualities, etc.”, but also to “the author’s remarkable design and application of time in the novel”.Jianhua Chen (陈建华2011:4) says, “Emil y goes beyond traditional way of narration, but uses special narration of techniques to present her story: first, she uses flashback narration to tell a different story, yet to create the atmosphere of suspense and horror. Second she uses two perspectives of narrations to narrate the story from two different angles---that is by two different people---one is Nelly… and the other--- Lockwood…”. It is the unique use of these writing techniques that contributes to the achievement of this lasting work.4.Gothic Features in Wuthering HeightsThe author lived in the Victorian age when gothic technic in literature showed a declining trend, yet the author was still influenced deeply, for most of what she had read was written by present or former writers, and has gothic features. Therefore, gothic features can also be seen frequently in her work.4.1. Gothic Features in theme or plotJianhua Chen (陈建华2011:4) says “Emily Bronte develops the gothic theme from many conflicts that is ---the conflicts between the kindness and evilness, the conflicts between the affection and the hatred”. Both Jing Dong and Qiong He(董静，何琼：92), and Pu Ruoxi(蒲若茜2002：49) point out that the theme of Wuthering Heights---revenge and claim of power, belongs to traditional gothic theme.4.2. Gothic Features in charactersPu Ruoxi(蒲若茜2002：49) pointed out, the heroes and heroines in Wuthering Heights is gothic. The image of Heathcliff, being beloved and hated by its readers, is an example of villain-hero in gothic tradition and she referred to Robert, who held that in surface, villains in gothic novel have features of deep-colored skin, sound physical heath, a pair of incisive and shocking eyes that can seem to see through everything. Their faces show the despising and depression, and they are fickle, gloomy or irritable in their manners. Heathcliff obviously holds all of these features. In character, he is a kind of people with character of rebelling, loneliness and arrogance, Delin Huang (黄得林2008:45) mentioned. He also thought, Heathcliff is a completely fallen villain. But Heathcliff is both an oppressor and a witness, as Pu Ruoxi(蒲若茜2002：49) concluded.4.3 Gothic Features in other aspectsNatural environment or the background of the story is gothic with the factors including the fierce northern wind blowing all around the year, the location of the wuthering Height s exposed to snow storms, the wilderness full of gorses, bushes and stones as well as the changeable weather. “Just because the setting of the story is mysterious, isolated or horrible, the story creates an atmosphere of tense and horror”, Jianhua Chen (陈建华2011：4) says. Jing Dong and Qiong He (董静，何琼：93) alsopointed out that gothic methods are also applied to the description of the dream of the guest, Lockwood, when he slept in Catherine’s room and the twice spiritual disorders of Catherine, one of which is after she tells Nelly that she decides to marry Edgar and then she learns that Heathcliff’s knowledge of her decision and another one is when Edgar asks her to make a choice between Heathcliff and him.5. Feminism5.1. From the perspective of feminist translationPing Le (乐萍2007:5-6)says that through analysis of the female vision of Wuthering Heights, taking Yi Yang’s as an example, she found out that under the background of feminist movement, “Yi Yang, as female translator, subconsciously, is sensitive to feminine features in the source text and her understandings are closer to the novelist as her identity as a woman. However, restricted by the traditional moral standards of women being faithful to men and the traditional standards of being faithful to the original version, Yang’s is more confined to the original version which causes the lack of feasibility in her linguistic expression”. Yi Yang’s version is widely spread and accepted because “she translated Wuthering Heights in the 1950s when feminism in China was still at its budding stage”says Jia Liu (刘佳2010:33). So from the female version, we can see the feminism development in China at the middle of 20th century.5.2. Feminism in the contextEmily expressed her desire for equal social status of women to men and stressed female demand for their own happiness and real love through her work. “Emily Bronte’s strong feminine self-consciousness is fully expressed in the novel Wuthering Heights by which Emily wants to tell her female partners that the key point for women to win real love and happy marriage is to get independent personality, free character and equality of men and women”, sums Ping Le (乐萍2007：3).Lanyun Chi (迟兰云2011：4 ) holds “Therefore, she created the new images in her novel Wuthering Heights to encourage women to rebel against the patriarchy to get their financial independence, enjoy their equality with men in the society and family, which lays the foundation for the western feminism”.6. Revenge and hatred of Heathcliff6.1. Evaluations of the revenge of HeathcliffRevenge, as one of the main themes of the work, has always caused a great deal of universal attention. Readers held their own opinions respectively about Heathcliff’s revenge but there exist many similarities. Ya Wang (王雅2010：178), Gang Xing (杏缸2007：98) and Meihua Deng (邓美华2006：60) all point out that though Heathcliff’s revenge is completely finished, he is not happy, without much joy orsense of success. His tortures to others also torture himself. Others’ suffering s afflicted by him are not less than his sufferings at the same time. The end of revenge is that Heathcliff dies lonely in the extreme missing of his love. Min Zhao (赵敏2006：15) says “Emily Bronte proves there is no peace in eternal revenge, and in the end self-injury involved in the serving revenge’s purposes will be more damaging than the original wrong”. Meanwhile, Xiaoying Xu (徐晓瑛2010：5) mentions that, “yet it is common for every social beings to pursue love and happiness, thus, from this aspect, we can understand why the two heroes (including Heathcliff) revenge”.In the end he feels Catherine’s ghost coming, in his dead bed, he says to Nelly, “It is a poor conclusion, is it not?” when he sees Cathy and Hareton go along in harmony, just like he and Cat herine when they were young, he says, “It is far from being the case: I have lost the faculty to enjoying their destruction, and I am too idle to destroy for nothing”. Yuan Yuan(袁媛2013：93)points out that Heathcliff does not destroy little Cathy and Hareto n, for their eyes are like Catherine’s so “this reflects that love is the hatred’s home that one finally returns to”.6.2. Causes of Heathcliff’s revengeZhao Ying(赵颖2009：19) considers that the reasons for Heathcliff’s revenge include Heathcliff’s low social status, the bullying and insulting of Hindley, betrayal of love of Catherine and his low rank and lack of money which are both emphasized by the society at that time. Besides these, many people pointed out the Lintons’relentlessness to Heathcliff, especially Edgar’s marriage with Catherine is also one of the main reasons. Minjia Weng (翁敏佳2011) sums that, the target of his revenge is not really people around but that cruel world, for it is that world, singing high of materials and money that deserts him.What Heathcliff has experienced during his former life, including his loss of Catherine, has twisted his characters and human natures so much as to make him horrible, irritable, fickle, violent and savage. His physical and psychological suffering has led to his seemingly ill inclination to exercising violence to his foes as well as their next generation, Zhenfeng Chen (陈振峰2008：193) expresses. The hidden reasons behind Heathcliff’s revenge is from the society, where first, he was deserted as a little kid, with no money nor social status, which then leads to his being abused and despised, cracking down his dignity as well as honor. Many papers also have expressed that Heathcliff’s revenge and violence should be understood.7. ConclusionThrough lots of studies and analyses of recent 30 years papers about Wuthering Heights, we can see former readers have made numerous explanations of the theme, the love and the hatred, the plot, the characters, the reflected religious attitudes, the applied technics, etc. from various perspectives respectively and provided later readers with a comprehensive understanding of the fantastic story. However, as time goes by, conceptions or thoughts are developed and some of former thoughts may go out of date. Many opinions need further and deeper investigating.As for the revenge, many papers held that Heathcliff has sound reasons to revenge his foes due to what he has suffered; revenge is common to human beings. However, few have questioned whether we, human beings, can forgive others who have offended us in our daily life and in what degree, can we lay these offences down？Were we Heathcliff, would we follow the same savage and vicious paths of revenging or just follow our natural destines and swallow down all sufferings? Were we Catherine, would we marry wealthy Edga in consideration of earthly value of materialism or follow our natural heart and choose Heathcliff? Such questions are in wants of further discussions so as to make full understanding of this marvelous work.Bibliography[1] Emily Bronte. Wuthering Heights [M]. 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