➢He has been coming to Beijing for 14 years. 14年来，他多次来北京。
与翻译的相关因素
文化与翻译 逻辑与翻译 风格与翻译 文体与翻译
WHAT IS CULTURE?
"It is the totality of the spiritual，intellectual，and artistic attitudes shared by a group，including its tradition, habits, social customs，morals，laws，and social relations. Sociologically，every society，on every level， has its culture ；the term has no implications of high development." (The New World Encyclopedia )
Shakespeare Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:
DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION
A translation is taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. —Gideon Toury
(Translating ) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. —Peter Newmark
Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. —Malcolm Cowley
DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION
Translation is an externally motivated industrial activity, supported by information technology, which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this form of communication. —Jean Sager
DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION
Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. —Columbia Encyclopedia
over water 4. to lower one’s sail 5. to trim the sail to the
P.B. Shelley: Ode to the West Wind
东风 vs. East Wind 西风 vs. West Wind 东风&West Wind ：温暖、春风、春天 西风& East Wind：寒冷、干燥
夏天=Summer？ （“夏天”给人炎热无比的感觉） （“summer ”给人温暖如春的感觉）
语言（intonation language）。
四、词汇 五、句法(形合与意合) 六、篇章
➢Dear Minister… “亲爱的部长” “尊敬的部长” √ ➢请多提宝贵意见。
Please give us your valuable comments. 你的意见应该是valuable 的，不宝贵的意 见请免开尊口。 ➢正确的译法是：Please give us your comments. 或We welcome your comments.
DIFFERENT BASES OF CULTURES
The Loess & Agriculture- The Blue Sea & Commodity-based
based culture 黄土、农耕 文明
culture 海洋、商业文明
槁木死灰 骨瘦如柴 对牛弹琴 滚石不生苔 众人拾柴火焰高 竹篮打水一场空 挥金如土
EXAMPLES
枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马，夕阳西 下，断肠人在天涯。（马致远： 《天净沙·秋思》）
辛弃疾：东风夜放花千树，更吹落，星如雨。（辛弃疾 ：《青玉案·元夕》)
It’s warm wind, the west wind, full of birds’ cries…(John Mansfield: The West Wind)
对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种 语言更为重要，因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景中才有 意义．(尤金·奈达)
Translation is a kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken.
一、语系 汉语属汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan Family），英语属
印欧语系（Indo-European Family）。 二、文字 汉语是表意文字（ideographic script），英语是拼
音文字（alphabetic script）。 三、语音 汉语是声调语言（tonal language），英语是语调
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSLATION AND
CULTURE
Translation is an exchange between two cultures. For a real successful translation, knowing two cultures is more important than grasping two languages, because words become meaningful only in its effective cultural background. (Eugene A. Nida )
Hoist your sail when the wind is fair. Still waters run deep. In a calm sea, every man is a pilot. A small leak will sink a great ship. a sea of debt a sea of smiles at sea between the devil and the deep sea
ENGLISH-CHINESE COMPARATIVE STUDIES
& TRANSLATION
By SHENG Li
DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
CLASSIFICATION OF CULTURE
Ecology 生态文化 Material Culture 物质文化 Social Culture 社会文化 Religious Culture 宗教文化 Linguistic Culture 语言文化
CULTURAL OBSTACLES TO TRANSLATION
（ 翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而 又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。）
—Eugene A. Nida To translate is to change into another language,
retaining as much of the sense as one can. —Samuel Johnson
――沈苏儒
DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION
翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工 具，它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经 济和文化进步，它的任务是要把原作中包含的 现实世界的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地 从一种语言译注到另一种语言中去。 ――张今
Try to translate the following sentences:
1.她呀，什么都自以为是，但就是不漂亮。 2.那个老太太被认为是个包藏祸心的女人。
OBSTACLE CAUSED BY DIFFERENT
LIVING ENVIRONMENTS
1. all at sea 2. as close as an oyster 3. to keep one’s head
DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION
翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动， 其本质是传播，是传播学中一个有特殊性质 的领域。
――吕俊
翻译是把具有某一种文化背景的发送者用某 种语言（文字）所表述的内容尽可能充分地、 有效地传达给使用另一种语言（文字）、具 有另一种文化背景的接受者。
Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). —J. C. Carford