临床诊断学
Nausea and Vomiting As the symptoms
症状学：恶心与呕吐
Goals



Briefly define Outline the prominent disease states associated with nausea and vomiting. Characterize Nausea and Vomiting caused by the prominent disorders Discriminate the accompanying symptoms. Suggest diagnostic strategies of the symptoms.
恶心：紧迫欲吐， 通常伴有上腹不适 和迷走兴奋的临床 征候群。 呕吐：胃和/或小肠 内容物经食管和口 腔排除体外 恶心和呕吐常伴随 存在，也可单独出 现！
Nausea and Vomiting
Definition of emesis. (Three phases) 呕吐反射过程（三个阶段）
1. Nausea - the inclination or feeling of imminent desire to vomit, usually felt in the throat or epigastrum. Associated with decreased activity of the stomach. 2. Retching - the labored rhythmic contraction of respiratory and abdominal musculature that frequently precedes or accompanies vomiting. 3. Vomiting - the forceful oral expulsion of gastric contents via retroperistalsis. (Abdominal effects). 1、恶心：咽部及 上腹部不适，胃张 力和蠕动减弱，幽 门和贲门开放。



Myocardial infarction Peritonitis（腹膜炎） Acute obstruction Neurological emergency Drug toxicity Cancer therapy Drug withdrawal
PHYSICAL EXAM

CTZ & Emetic Center (Vomiting center)
Emetic Center（延髓外侧网状结构背测）接受大脑皮
质、消化器官、心血管以及化学感受器触发带（CTZ）的冲动
CTZ化学感受器触发带（第四脑室底面）：外源性或内源性化学 物质（阿片吗啡、洋地黄、代谢产物）
CTZ & Emetic Center (Vomiting center)
脊神经
膈神经
迷走神经
nausea and vomiting
1. Reflective vomiting 2.Central vomiting 3. Neurological vomiting
反射性呕吐 中枢性呕吐 神经性呕吐
Reflective vomiting （反射性呕吐）
Pharyngeal Mechanisms Gastrointestinal Mechanisms Disease of biliary tract Peritoneal and mesentery
Break
泸沽湖黄昏
泸沽湖黄昏
泸沽湖•摩梭女
玉龙雪山•雪月
46
Constipation
Shanghai Second Medical university Renji clinical medical college
Background
C
Constipation Is a Constellation of Symptoms
the five sense organs Cardiovascular diseases kidney Pelvic
咽部刺激 胃十二指肠疾病
胆道疾病
肠道疾病 肝胆疾病 腹膜肠系膜 全身性疾病（五官、心 血管、泌尿、盆腔…）
咽部刺激
Pharyngal Mechanisms
Gastrointestinal Mechanisms

Chronic constipation

53
The accompanying symptoms
腹痛、腹泻：食物中毒、肠道传染病、
胃肠炎；节律性腹痛：消化性溃疡
右上腹痛，伴发热、黄疸：胆囊炎、
胆道结石、感染。
头痛、头晕、视力异常、喷射性呕吐：
颅内高压性疾病、屈光不正、青光眼。
伴眩晕、眼球震颤：前庭障碍
育龄妇女（停经）：应排除妊娠
与服药有时间关联：应想到药物反应
呕吐中枢（Vomiting center)
ICP=Inductively Coupled Plasma 感应耦合等离子体
Neurotransmitters in CTZ & Emetic Center
Neurotransmitters involved in stimulating the emetic center, chemo-receptor trigger zone and GI tract include; 5-HT, acetylcholine, histamine, dopamine (opiates and receptors for benzodiazepines are also found here)
全身疾病（尿毒 症、肝昏迷、糖 尿病代谢紊乱）
颅内感染（脑炎、脑膜炎）
脑血管疾病、颅脑损伤
癫痫
全身疾病 代谢紊乱 尿毒症
酮症酸中毒 早孕
各种原因引起的脑 水肿和颅内压升高
肝昏迷
Drug
抗生素 抗癌药 Antibiotics Anti-carcinoma morphia
洋地黄 Digitalis
Emetic Center
1、分泌唾液中枢 2、血管收缩中枢
Emetic Center
3、呼吸中枢
4、中枢神经
Spinal nerve Abdominal muscles
1.Salivary center 2. Vasomotor center 3. Respiratory center 4. Cranial nerves phrenic nerve Diaphragm vagus nerve Stomach Esophagus
1. Time 2. Taking food 3. Characteristics 4. Characters of contents
早孕反应
功能性消化不良 晨起呕吐 酒精中毒 鼻咽部疾患 胃食管反流病 夜间或隔夜呕吐 贲门失弛缓症 幽门梗阻
呕吐与进食的关系 （ Timing with meals）
Definition of Nausea and Vomiting



Nausea ：the inclination or feeling of imminent desire to vomit, usually felt in the throat or epi-gastrum. Associated with decreased activity of the stomach. Vomiting： the forceful oral expulsion of gastric contents via retro-peristalsis. Nausea-Vomiting: simultaneity or separateness

Most commonly reported symptoms

Hard, lumpy stools Increased straining Infrequent bowel movements Sensation of incomplete evacuation Bloating/fullness More persistent than intermittent or episodic Several months duration
孤束核
Emetic Center
化学感受器触发带 中脑ICP受体 Midbrain Chemoreceptor ICP Receptor Trigger Zone
Visceral afferents
边缘系统 Limbic System
Vestibular system
前庭系统
内脏传入
Emetic Center
吗啡
兴奋呕吐中枢或影响胃肠平滑肌运动
Neurologic and Psychogenic causes
Neurologic & Psychogenic causes
胃肠道神经官能症 （Gastrointestinal tract neurosis）
神经厌食症（apositia）
Characteristics of Nausea and Vomiting






Early pregnancy Psychogenesis vomiting Bulimia(易饿病) Pyloric channel ulcer Acute gastritis Gastric retention(潴 留） Viral gastroenteritis （中毒性胃肠炎） Acute gastroenteritis
肝、胆、胰腺
其他
Central vomiting （中枢性呕吐）
Intra-cranial infection Cerebrovascular disorders Craniocerebral injury Epilepsy Metabolic disorders Drugs