Ⅴ. Double Jeopardy
在同一司法管辖区域内就同一罪名对一名被告人连续 起诉；被告在被宣告无罪后不会因相同的罪行受到第 二次起诉。
When does “jeopardy” attach? • Jury trial: when the jury is sworn • Bench trial: when the first witness is sworn • Guilty plea: when the court accepts the D's plea unconditionally.
State Courts： 和首都哥伦比亚特区法院系统；
联邦与州法院管辖范围可能有重 叠，但组织上 没有隶属关系
“Jurisdiction” 管辖权
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联邦最高法院 l
Ⅰ. Supreme Court
A. Overview
a. Seated in Washington D.C. b. The highest court, the head of the Judiciary branch c. Authority from Article Ⅲ of the Constitution
American Legal Culture
Chapter 8
Rights In Trial and Court Jurisdiction
Criminal Procedure
• Arrest/Booking/Initial Apperance/Bail Hearings • Preliminary Hearing • Indictment by grand jury • Discovery • Pre-Trial Motions • Plea Bargain • Criminal Trial • ...
“testimonial” privilege not physical
其罪的证词
• Privilege of the accused: • Privilege of the witness: not to testify at trial
• Elimination of Immunity-bars the G from using yourT or anything the privilege derived to convict you证言至关重要/政府案件
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Search and Seizure (warrant)
➢Due Process ➢Right of Privacy
of为th警e察U无ni证ted扣S押ta处te于s 一Co览ns无tit余ut状io态n 的犯罪证据提供
充足的正当理由：
• 从法律允许的位置看见 • 有权进入该物品区域 • “显而易见”（immediately apparent)有权予以扣押
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The Supreme Court of the United States
• jurisdiction: original/appellate
• judicial review appeal/petition for certiorari
Courts of Appeals
A. Circuit courts, the intermediate appellate courts of the US federal court system
prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The prosecution must have the burden of proving the elements of
the crime charged. 2.
ⅤI. Burden of Proof and Sufficiency of Evidence
• You have the right to court-appointed counsel,if you are indigent.
Criminal Trial
• Jury selection • Opening statements • Presenti evidence/call witness to stand for testimony • direct and crossexamination • closing argument • deliberation • verdict
Ⅴ. Double Jeopardy
• General Rule: Two offenses are not the”same offenses” if each contains an element the other not .
• • Who are the same S for purposes of the double jeopardy clause?
ⅤI. Burden of Proof and Sufficiency of Evidence
The burden of persuading the jury is described legally as the “burden of proof”(证明责任).
1. The due process clause requires in all criminal cases that the state
Ⅰ. Basic Right to a Fair Trial
1. Right to Public Trial 公开审判 (1) Preliminary Probable Cause Hearing (2) Suppression Hearings (排除证据的听审） (3) Trial • prevent D from getting into a very embrassing situation
• 检方同时证明两要素：（1）是否有罪 （2）犯罪的每项要素 • 它是这样的一种怀疑：
在一个陪审员审慎、公正公平地考虑过所有证据以后，是如此地摇摆不定以 至于他不能判定他对被告人之有罪具有一种持久的确信，此种怀疑使一个有 理性的人在处理生活中较为重大或者重要事务时犹豫不决或者停滞不前。但 是，它不是一种想象的或者任性的怀疑，也不是一种基于推测的怀疑。
任何单独的某个因素不能充分说 (2) Reason for the delay; 明延迟的正当性或应被谴责性
(3) Whether the defendant asserted his right; and
Unfair delay-dismissed
(4) Prejudice to the defendant.
3. Right to Venire Selected from Representative Cross-Section of Community
• the pool from which the jury is drawn-“社会中一个有代表性的层面”
Ⅱ. Right to Trial by Jury
Waiver of Right to Counsel and Right to Defend Oneself 知晓辩护律师权利 明确宣布放弃 被告人的辩护能力
Ⅳ. The Right Against Self-Incrimination
• The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution: 保护证人免于被迫提供自证
4. Use of Peremptory Challenge to Maintain Impartial Jury
cannot be used to exclude prospective jurors
on the account of
race or gender
Ⅲ. Right to Counsel
State and federal G? No Different states?No States and municipalities within them? Yes
Ⅴ. Double Jeopardy
• a hung jury • a mistrial for manifest necessity • a successful appeal.
Ⅰ. Basic Right to a Fair Trial
2. Right to Speedy Trial-constitutonal right
Courts should consider the totality of the circumstances
The factors should be considered: (1) Length of the delay;
I. Basic Right to a Fair Trial II. Right to Trial by Jury III.Right to Counsel IV. Right to Confront Witnesses V. Burden of Proof and Sufficiency of Evidence
(1) 6-12 jurors/at least 6-or violate Constitution (2) No Absolute Right to Unanimity • Unanimity of jury verdict-only if 6 jurors are used • Nonunanimous verdict is acceptable(2/3, 5/6 ,vary in States) • Death penalty-unanimous
（1）有权保持沉默； （2）如果选择回答，那么所说的一切都可能作
为对其不利的证据； （3）有权在审讯时要求律师在场； （4）如果没有钱请律师，法庭有义务为其指定
• You have a righ律t t师o s。ilence. • Anything yo这u就sa是y米m兰ay达b诉e亚u利se桑d那ag州a一in案st所y产ou生. 的著名 • You have th的e“rig米h兰t t达o 警ha告v”e a。n attorney present.