• (1) Ominiscent(all-knowing): the narrator have free access to the minds of all the characters and he/she is free to make any comments on characters and events • (2) Selective ominiscent: can enter the mind of only one character or several characters • (3) objective (camera/dramatic): can’t enter a single mind; like a camera, it only records what is seen and heard; the narrator makes no comment on characters and events
14, Epigram A short saying that expresses its meaning in an amusing or pointed way. Misfortune never comes alone. Today must borrow nothing of tomorrow.
innocent eye
• The narrator is naï telling what he/she ve, sees and feels; • the contrast between what he perceives and what the reader understands produces an ironic effect (dramatic irony). In such novel, the reader understands more than the teller himself does. • "Oh, he's sleeping!"
Agatha Christie
• murderer as narrator • unreliable narrator
The Great Gatsby
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"In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I’ve been turning over in my mind ever since. ‘Whenever you feel like criticizing any one,’ he told me, ‘just remember that all the people in this world haven’t had the advantages that you’ve had.’
Tales of 108 Outlaws in the Marsh
• 话说大宋仁宗天子在位， 嘉佑三年三月三日五更三点， 天子驾坐紫宸殿，受百官朝 贺。但见： 祥云迷凤阁，瑞气罩龙 楼。。。。隐隐净鞭三下响， 层层文武两班齐。
当有殿头官喝道：“有 事出班早奏，无事卷帘退 朝。”只见班部丛中，宰相 赵哲，参政文彦博出班奏曰： “目今京师瘟疫盛行，伤损 军民甚多。伏望陛下释罪宽 恩，省刑薄税，祈禳天灾， 救济万民。”
2. Metaphor He’s really an old fox!
3. Personification
The flowers nodded and smiled as if welcoming her to this new land.
Other figures of speech:
4. Metonymy A thing is called, not by its true name, but by something closely associated with it. The kettle is boiling.
“Hill likes White Elephants”
• The girl looked at the bead curtain.“They’ve painted something on it,”she said.“what does it say?” “Anis del Toro.It’s a drink.” “Could we try it?” The man called “Listen”through the curtain.The woman came out from the bar. “Four reales.” “We want two Anis del Toro.” “With water?”
15. parallel A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens CHAPTER I:The Period It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way 《雙城記》──狄更斯 第一章：時代 那是最美好的時代，那是最糟糕的時代； 那是智慧的年代，那是愚昧的年代； 那是信仰的時期，那是懷疑的時期； 那是光明的季節，那是黑暗的季節； 那是充滿希望的春天，那是令人絕望的冬天； 我們擁有一切，我們什麼都沒有； 我們全都在直奔天堂，我們全都在直奔相反的方向
10. Hyperbole/exaggeration A way of describing sth., saying it is much bigger, smaller, etc. than it actually is. She swept buckets of tears at the disappointment.
More hast, less speed. His all fault is that he has no fault.
8. Pun A play of words for the purpose of producing a humorous effect.
A judge can end a sentence with a sentence. Is life worth living? It depends on the liver.
5. Antithesis Contrast of opposite ideas. The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak. Give me liberty, or give me death.
6. Oxymoron The combination of ideas in a seemingly absurd manner. Sound of silence Cruel kindness
7. Paradox A statement which seems to be contradictory in itself, but which is often true in fact /saying sth. Opposite to common sense, but may contain a truth.
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Figure of speech / rhetorical language
1. simile My love is like a red, red rose. The mist hung like a veil over the whole valley. Her dancing is as graceful as a swan. His explanation is as clear as crystal.
“Do you want it with water?”
“I don’t know,”the girl said.”Is it good with water?” “It’s all right.” “You want them with water?”asked the woman. “Yes,with water.”
9. Irony Saying the opposite of what one means.
It was a peaceful place. The traffic continued throughout the night without a stop! That was a bright remark!
11.Euphemism The use of a less offensive or less direct way of saying sth. Unpleasant.
He passed away last month. Mental hospital Memorial park
12. Innuendo Hinting of sth. Witit.
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宋妈的鸡毛掸子轮到来掸我的小床了，小 床上的棱棱角角她都掸到了，掸子把儿碰在床 栏上，格格地响，我想骂她，但她倒先说话了： “还没睡够哪！”
②Non-participant (third-person): narrator doesn’t participate in the action of the story as a character----only an outside observer