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一、宏观经济学概论
§1、宏观经济学与宏观经济变量 §2、宏观经济学的由来与发展 §3、宏观经济学的内容体系 §4、凯恩斯的简介 §5、作业
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④局部的失调可以通过价格自由波动来调整，相 信发端于斯密的经济自由主义信条，认为政府 没有必要干预经济。 总之，萨伊定律强调了总供给的作用，否认了 长期中生产过剩和失业的可能性，完全信赖市 场机制的作用，信奉自由主义，排斥政府的干 预行为，是新古典经济思想的基础。 2、自动均衡说（产品市场、货币市场与劳动 力市场），继承了亚当·斯密的自由主义思想， 相信市场力量的调节作用。
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The son of the Cambridge economist and logician John Neville Keynes, John Maynard Keynes was bred in British elite institutions - Eton and then King's College Cambridge. In 1906, he entered the British civil service for a little while, and then returned to Cambridge in 1909.
In early 1936, the new book finally came out with the pretentious title of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Heavily anticipated, cheaply priced and propitiously timed for a world caught in the grips of the Great Depression, the General Theory made a splash in both academic and political circles. As one American politician put it, everyone always knew that the economic policies recommended by the Neoclassical economists were bad policies; but now they realized it was also bad economics.
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With the General Theory, as it became known, Keynes sought to develop an theory that could explain the determination of aggregate output - and as a consequence, employment. He posited that the determining factor to be aggregate demand. Among the revolutionary concepts initiated by Keynes was the concept of a demand-determined equilibrium wherein unemployment is possible, the ineffectiveness of price flexibility to cure unemployment, a unique theory of money based on "liquidity preference", the introduction of radical uncertainty and expectations, the marginal efficiency of investment schedule breaking Say's Law (and thus reversing the savings-investment causation), the possibility of using government fiscal and monetary policy to help eliminate recessions and control economic booms. Indeed, with this book, he almost single-handedly constructed the fundamental relationships and ideas behind what became known as "macroeconomics".
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4、20世纪6、70年代，主要资本主义国家， 尤其是信奉凯恩斯干预主义经济思想的 国家，都普遍出现了所谓“滞涨”的怪 病。于是在反对凯恩斯主义的浪潮中， 货币学派、理性预期学派和供给学派乘 机兴起。凯恩斯主义的继承者在与它们 交锋的同时，也吸收了它们的一些观点， 所以有“新古典综合派”的说法。 当前，凯恩斯学派的思想仍然是宏观经 济领域的主流，在各国的宏观经济政策 中都可以看到他们的影子。
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宏观与微观:
注意易出现的两种错误 合成谬误（Fallacy of Composition） 很多在个体或微观成立的道理，不能因此 断定在在整体或宏观同样成立，否则会出 现合成推理的谬误。 ——站在凳子上看足球赛？ ——节俭的悖论（paradox of thrift）? ——降低汇率扩大市场？
John Maynard Keynes is doubtlessly one the most important figures in the entire history of economics. He revolutionized economics with his classic book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936). This is generally regarded as probably the most influential social science treatise of the 20th Century, in that it quickly and permanently changed the way the world looked at the economy and the role of government in society. No other single book, before or since, has had quite such an impact.
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宏观经济变量
流量与存量 流量：在某一个时期内测量的量。 存量：在某一个时点上测量的量。 其意义与举例 事前（Ex-ante）与事后（Ex-post）
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yandw经济学讲义7来自宏观经济学的由来与发展
1、萨伊定律 “供给能够创造自身的需求” ①一种产品的生产可以创造对自身的需求，言下 之意，在供给与需求这一对矛盾中，更加重视 供给的作用，只要生产出来，需求是不成问题 的；进一步说，这意味着社会经济活动中不会 出现生产过剩、经济危机；而部分产品的过剩 也看成是因为其他产品供给不足造成；再进一 步说，认为市场机制是完美的社会资源配置机 制，当然也就无需政府干预经济，这与斯密的 自由主义思想一脉相承；
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②在此逻辑框架下，储蓄行为是无法被理解的， 因为只要投资就可以赚钱，只要生产就能够带 来收益；因此，社会全部储蓄都能够十分顺利 地转化为投资；经济环流中没有漏出量，那么 经济社会总是处在充分就业状态； ③由于投资和储蓄衔接的 十分紧密，所以他们对 货币就有了这样的认识：货币交换的实质是产 品之间的交换，货币只起到一种交易媒介的作 用；他们显然忽视了货币的储值功能；这与货 币数量论是一致的，归根结底他们都认为货币 无法影响真实经济表现；
宏观经济学与微观经济学
微观经济学采用个量分析法，以市场价格为中心， 以主体利益为目标，研究家庭和企业等个量对象 的经济行为，以及怎样通过市场竞争达到资源最 优配置。“虫瞰” （worm-view）。新古典理论 为其主要的理论依据。 宏观经济学采用总量分析法，以国民收入为中心， 以社会福利为目标，研究整个国民经济（一个国 家、一个地区）的总量行为及其规律以及怎样通 过宏观调控达到资源充分利用。“鸟瞰” （bird-view）。凯恩斯主义的经济学为其主要 的理论依据。
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Similarly, in economics, people sometimes conclude that if one event follows another, the other must have caused the one. The period following World War II has seen a rising standard of living in industrialized countries around the world. This period has also been accompanied by much greater government involvement in these countries. Can we conclude that greater government involvement causes higher standards of living?