• Know common symptoms and signs of the GI tract diseases
• Know several common disordersຫໍສະໝຸດ of digestive system
Related roots
• oro-, stoma-, stomato: stomatic, to the mouth口的 • esophago-: esophageal, to the esophagus食道的 • gastro-: gastric, to the stomach胃的 • chole-: biliary, to the bile胆汁的 • cholecysto-: to the gallbladder胆囊的 • hapato-: hapatic, to the liver肝的 • spleno-: splenic, to the spleen脾的 • laparo-, abdomino-: laparal, abdominal腹的 • entero-, intestino-: intestinal, to the intestine小肠的 • duodeno-: duodenal, to the duodenum十二指肠的 • jejuno-: jejunal, to the jejunum空肠的 • ileo-: ileal, to the ileum回肠的 • colo-: colonic, to the colon结肠的 • procto-: to the rectum直肠的
Functions of digestive system
Functions of the GI tract
1. Digestion of food:
mastication in the mouth swallowing through the throat mixing in the stomach and small intestine, enzymatic digestion in the stomach and
Digestive System Glossary
• Upper GI tract:
– mouth - Chewing and secretion of salivary enzymes
– (o)esophagus - the long tube between the mouth and the stomach. It uses rhythmic muscle movements (called peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach. “gullet”
Abdominal regions
G
HC: hypochondriac regions 季肋区 E: epigastric region 上腹部 L: lumbar regions 腰部
U: umbilical region 脐区 RIF, LIF: right and left iliac fossae 髂窝 HG: hypogastric region 下腹部
– pancreas - an enzyme-producing gland located below the stomach and above the intestines. Enzymes from the pancreas help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestines.
– duodenum - the first part of the small intestine runs from the stomach to the jejunum.
Digestive System Glossary
• Lower GI tract:
– Small intestines:
– chyme - food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids. Chyme goes on to the small intestine for further digestion.
Adjective form of the terms
Medical English
Digestive system
（Gastrointestinal tract, GI）
消化系统
Fang, Xiao yi (Judy)房晓祎 Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of
Shantou University Medical College
objectives
• Remember the roots pertaining to the digestive system
• Describe the structures and functions of the organs in digestive system
• Describe the digestive process of the food
macrophages in mucosa; Secretion of IgA through the mucosal
secretions
How does
It work
？
—— digestion of food
How does it work？
• Food is ingested by mouth and chewed by teeth. It passes down the throat, down through the esophagus, and into the stomach, where food continues to be broken down by the acids and enzymes.
3. Storage of food wastes:
In the stomach, sigmoid colon and rectum
4. Excretion:
Defecation through the rectum and anus
Functions of the GI tract
5. Secretion:
– liver - a large organ located above and to the right of the stomach. It filters toxins from the blood, and makes bile and some blood proteins.
– gallbladder胆囊 - a small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum. It stores and releases bile into the small intestine.
The Digestive System
The digestive system consists of organs that break down food into components that the body uses for energy and for building and repairing cells and tissues.
– stomach - a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the esophagus. Both chemical and mechanical digestion takes place in the stomach. The entrance is cardia (贲门) and the exit is pylorus (幽门).
• jejunum空肠 • ileum回肠
– Large intestines:
• cecum盲肠 and appendix阑尾 • Colon结肠: ascending, transverse, descending
and sigmoid colon • rectum直肠 • anus 肛门
*ilium髂骨 adj. is iliac; adj. of ileum is ileal
– Ampulla of Vater瓦特氏壶腹
Digestive System Glossary
• Special terminologies:
– peristalsis – rhythmic, wavelike muscle movements that propels food along the gut by the coordinated contraction of muscle in one area and relaxation in the next. Peristalsis is involuntary - you cannot control it. It is also what allows you to eat and drink while upsidedown.
Digestive System Glossary
• Accessory structures:
– salivary glands - glands located in the mouth that produce saliva that contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates (starch淀粉).
• Mouth • Esophagus • Stomach • Cardia • Pylorus • Liver • Duodenum • Jejunum • Ileum • Cecum • Colon • Rectum • Anus • Appendix • Abdomen • Saliva • Bile • Pancreas