Botany植物学Cell theory细胞学说cell membrane细胞膜nucleus 细胞核Organelle 细胞器cell wall细胞壁cytoplasm细胞质protoplast原生质体cell cycle细胞周期mitochondrion 线粒体photosynthesis光合作用unit membrane 单位膜chloroplast 叶绿体chlorophyll叶绿素xanthophyll叶黄素carotene胡萝卜素golgiosome高尔基体ribosome 核糖体lysosome溶酶体繁殖nuclear fission核分裂reproductionmicrofilament微丝plasmodesma胞间连丝primary wall初生壁secondary wall次生壁meiosis减数分裂mitosis有丝分裂amitosis无丝分裂prophase 前期interphase cytokinesis胞质分裂间期metaphase中期anaphase后期telophase末期stamen雄蕊tissue组织pistil 雌蕊ovary子房pollen tube pollination传粉花粉管mesogamy中部受精porogamy珠孔受精chalazogamy合点受精无融合生殖apomixis 孤雄生殖patrogenesis apogamy无配子生殖果皮pericarp 无孢子生殖parthenogensis 孤雌生殖apospory root system 生活史life history 根系main root 主根fibrous root system须根系直根系lateral root侧根taproot systempericycle中柱鞘vascular cylinder cortex皮层维管柱vascular ray 维管射线phloem ray韧皮射线木射线xylem ray 根冠root cap primary xylem初生木质部Casparian strip凯氏带vascular ray 初生韧皮部primary phloem 维管射线木射线xylem ray 胚phloem ray韧皮射线embryo phelloderm栓内层同功器官analogous organ homologous organ同源器官endosperm 胚乳种皮seed coat 胚芽plumule 胚根radicle 子叶cotyledon 下胚轴hypocotyl 休眠dormancy原核生物prokaryote 真核生物seed germination种子萌发eukaryote受精丝trichogyne 蓝藻blue-green algae 藻类algae外生孢子exospore gelatinous sheath 胶质鞘mucopolysaccharide黏多糖isogamy同配生殖green algae绿藻heterosexual cell异性细胞接合生殖zygogamy anisogamy 卵式生殖anisogamy 异配生殖haploid单倍体diploid二倍体polyploid多倍体carposporophyte孢子体brown algae褐藻sea-tangle海带agar琼脂fungi菌类parasitism寄生saprophytic腐生的lichen地衣archegonium颈卵器antheridium精子器antiphyte孢子体gametophyte配子体protonema原丝体bryophyta 苔藓植物cruciferae十字花科vascular plants微管植物aquatic plant水生植物salicaceae杨柳科angiosperm被子植物endoplasmic reticulum内质网vegetative reproduction营养繁殖intercellular layer胞间层phellogen& cork cambium木栓形成层asexual reproduction无性繁殖sexual propagation有性繁殖tetradynamous stamen四强雄蕊didynamous stamen二强雄蕊monodelphous stamen单体雄蕊diadelphous stamen二体雄蕊triadelphous stamen三体雄蕊polyadelphous stamens多体雄蕊synantherous stamen聚药雄蕊primary wall cells初生壁细胞vegetative cell营养细胞male sterility雄性不育filiform apparatus丝状器meristem zone 分生区elongation zone伸长区maturation zone成熟区embryophyte有胚植物specific parasitism专性寄生specific saprophyte专性腐生facultative parasitism兼性寄生facultative saprophyte兼性腐生sexual generation有性世代asexual generation无性世代Zoology动物学cell细胞prokaryotic cell原核细胞eukaryotic cell真核细胞糖carbohydrate 核酸nucleic acid 蛋白质proteinlipid脂质protoplasm原生质inclusion内含物cell cycle细胞周期pulmonary alveolus肺泡flagellum鞭毛food vacuole食物泡pinocytosis胞饮作用fission裂体生殖microgamete小配子zygote合子microtubule微管contraction silk 收缩丝merogenesis 卵裂blastocoele 囊胚腔complete cleavage完全卵裂layering分层cynapse突触myoneme肌丝myocyte肌细胞mesoglea中胶层雌雄同体monoecism dioecism雌雄异体velum缘膜浮浪幼虫planula nerve net神经网radial symmetry辐射对称tubule cell 管细胞中胚层mesoderm bilateral symmetry两侧对称口吸盘oral sucker acetabulum 腹吸盘osmoregulation渗透调节cuticle 囊蚴metacercaria 角质膜假体腔pseudocoelemunctory renette腺肾细泄殖孔cloacal pore 排泄管metamerism 分节现象体节metamere resting egg休眠卵prismatic layer壳层periostracum壳皮层sense organ 感觉器钩介幼虫glochidium veliger 面盘幼虫nacreous layer珍珠层linear animal线形动物异律分节segmentation 闭壳肌adductor围心腔pericardial cavity 颈椎cervical vertebra sacral vertebra荐椎前腔静脉precaval vein bladder气囊pulmonary vein肺静脉中耳腔tympanum cavity amnion middle ear中耳羊膜瓶状囊lagena 新皮层neopallium 叉骨wishbone后腔静脉postcaval vein 气囊air sac 腺胃glandular stomach盐腺salt gland viviparity 胎生sclerotic ring 巩膜骨placenta胎盘瘤胃rumen 尿囊allantoisreticulum网胃bursa of fabricius 腔上囊masticatory stomach肌胃皱胃abomasum 耳蜗瓣胃omasum cochlea内鼻孔internal naris 蚯蚓earthworm羊膜动物amniota 环节动物annelid 腔肠动物coelenterate 节肢动物arthropodcell membrane&plasma membrane细胞膜epithelial tissue上皮组织connective tissue结缔组织cartilage tissue软骨组织osseous tissue骨组织muscular tissue肌肉组织cardiac muscle心肌intercalated disc闰盘Nissl's body尼氏小体colony &group群体meroblastic cleavage不完全卵裂colonial theory 群体说gastrovascular cavity消化循环腔muscle system肌肉体系excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统digestive system消化系统archinephric duct原肾管basal lamina & basal membrane基膜cross-fertilization异体受精self-fertilization自体受精final host终寄主first intermidate host第一中间寄主semicircular canal半规管second intermediate host第二中间寄主Genetics遗传学heredity 遗传variation 变异gene 基因pisum sativum 豌豆segregation 分离gamete 生殖细胞zygote 合子allele 等位基因genotype 基因型phenotype 表现型test cross 测交oryza sativa 水稻diploid 二倍体haploid 单倍体centromere 着丝粒satellite 随体linker 连丝mitosis 有丝分裂mesoblast中胚层spindle 纺锤体interphase 间期spindle fiber 纺锤丝vicia faba蚕豆nucleoplasm 核质spermatogenous 精原细胞oogonium 卵原细胞spermatid 精细胞Phenocopy 拟表型epistasis上位效应mutant突变型gametic lethal配子致死zygotic lethal合子致死autosome 常染色体dominant lethal显性致死carrier 携带者homozygote 纯合体表现型phenotype 基因型genotype 杂合体heterozygote coincidence 并发率interference 干涉linkage group 连锁群突变mutation wild type野生型genetic map 遗传学图菌株strain auxotroph 营养缺陷型异核体heterokaryonfragment 片段donor 供体recipient 受体transduction 转导prophage 原噬菌体induction 诱导law of segregation 分离定律Mendel's laws 孟德尔定律parental generation 亲代first filial generation 子一代recessive character 隐性性状dominant character 显性性状亲组合parental combination hereditary determinant 遗传因子棋盘法punnett square recombination 重组合primary constriction 初级缢痕Mendelian character 孟德尔性状核仁形成区nucleolar organizer 次级缢痕secondary constriction第二极体second polar body first polar body 第一极体卵核female gametic nucleus sister chromatids 姐妹染色单体sex-chromosome性染色体multiple alleles 复等位基因初级缢痕primary constriction sex-linked inheritance 伴性遗传互补基因complementary genesecondary constriction 次级缢痕姐妹染色单体sister chromatids homologous chromosome 同源染色体三点测交three-point testcross 次级卵母细胞secondary oocyte 初级精母细胞primary spermatocyte次级精母细胞secondary spermatocytefirst division segregation 第一次分裂分离second division segregation 第二次分裂分离law of independent assortment 自由组合定律Biochemistry 生物化学essential element必需元素trace elements微量元素proteoglycan蛋白聚糖amino acid氨基酸primary structure 一级结构random coil无规卷曲structural domain 结构域subunit亚基degeneration变性胞嘧啶cytosine鸟嘌呤guanine 腺嘌呤adeninethymine胸腺嘧啶uracil尿嘧啶nucleoside 核苷nucleotide 核苷酸base pairing碱基配对base pair碱基对数base碱基数gyrase旋转酶nucleosome核小体complementary DNA互补DNA plasmid质粒transposons转座子repetitive sequence重复序列exon外显子intron内含子variable loop可变环ribonuclease核糖核酸酶renaturation复性hyperchromic effect增色效应base stacking force碱基堆积力annealing退火melting-out temperature熔解温度hypochromic effect减色效应maltose麦芽糖sucrose蔗糖lactose乳糖starch淀粉glycogen糖原cellulose纤维素cellulase纤维素酶selectivity选择性substrate底物holoenzyme全酶cofactor 辅因子coenzyme辅酶oxidase氧化酶metabolism新陈代谢assimilation同化作用catabolism异化作用metabolite代谢产物biological oxidation 生物氧化cytochrome细胞色素rotenone鱼藤酮amytal阿密妥antimycin A抗霉素A cyanide氰化物glycolysis糖酵解ethanol乙醇citrate柠檬酸cis-aconitate 顺乌头酸succinic acid琥珀酸oxaloacetic acid草酰乙酸acetyl-coenzyme乙酰辅酶fumarate延胡索酸glyoxylate cycle 乙醛酸循环malate苹果酸fatty acid 脂肪酸carbon unit一碳单位replicon复制子core enzyme 核心酶primosome引发体Okazaki fragment冈崎片段leading chain 前导链lagging strand后随链terminator终止子telomere端粒telomerase端粒酶replication fork复制叉vector载体promoter启动子terminator终止子operon操纵子codon密码子degeneracy简并性hormone激素citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环deamination脱氨基作用urea cycle尿素循环RNA信使messenger RNA 常染色质euchromatintransfer RNA转移RNA ribosome RNA核糖体RNAmetabolic regulation代谢调节feedback regulation反馈调节structural gene结构基因promoter gene启动基因operator gene操纵基因regulator gene调节基因termination factor终止因子triplet code三联体密码initiator codon起始密码termination codon终止密码semiconservative replication半保留复制ornithine cycle鸟氨酸循环ketogenic amino acid生酮氨基酸glucogenic amino acid生糖氨基酸oxidative deamination氧化脱氨作用transamination转氨基作用reverse transcription逆转录decarboxylation脱羧作用semidiscontinuous replication半不连续复制reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶missense mutation错义突变synonymous mutation同义突变neutral mutation中性突变nonsense mutation无义突变phosphatidic acid 磷脂酸essential amino acids 必需氨基酸dihydrouracil loop二氢尿嘧啶环anticodon loop反密码子环double-strand circular DNA 双链环形DNA superhelical DNA 超螺旋DNAopen circular DNA 开环DNA linear DNA 线形DNAbase stacking force 碱基堆积力secondary structure二级结构super-secondary structure超二级结构tertiary structure三级结构quaternary structure四级结构negative supercoil DNA负超螺旋DNA positive supercoil DNA正超螺旋DNAGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate甘油醛-3-二磷酸glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid生糖兼生酮氨基酸restriction endonuclease限制性内切酶聚合酶链反应polymerase chain reactionMicrobiology微生物学living creatures 生物culture medium 培养基lawn菌苔culture plate 培养平板bacteria 细菌archaea 古生菌eukaryote真核生物prokaryote 原核生物protozoan 原生动物hypha 菌丝mycoplasma 支原体yeast 酵母菌plasmolysis 质壁分离Escherichia Coli大肠杆菌murein胞壁质peptidoglycan 肽聚糖mucopeptide黏肽outer membrane外膜chromosome染色体nucleolus 核仁nucleoid 拟核chromatin 染色质centromere 着丝粒telomere 端粒protoplast 原生质体mycoplasma 支原体glycoprotein 糖蛋白mesosome 间体cytoplasm细胞质megnetosome磁小体nucleoid拟核glycocalyx 糖被capsule 荚膜flagellum 鞭毛lysosome 溶酶体chloroplast 叶绿体thylakoid类囊体inorganic salt 无机盐peptone 蛋白胨sulfur bacteria 硫细菌beef extract牛肉膏vitamin 维生素inclusion body 内含物lithotroph 无机营养型medium 培养基agar 琼脂organotroph 有机营养型antiport 逆向运输active transport 主动运输pinocytosis 胞饮作用catabolism 分解代谢passive transport 被动运输uniport 单向运输anabolism 合成代谢fermentation发酵batch culture 分批培养log phase 对数生长期stationary phase 稳定生长期lag phase 迟缓期decline phase衰亡期aerobe 好氧菌antibiotic 抗生素antigenome 反基因组transformation 转化genome 基因组plasmid 质粒transforming factor 转化因子diploid 二倍体haploid 单倍体transposable element 转座因子conjugation接合作用transposon转座子phenotype 表型genotype基因型auxotroph营养缺陷型wild-type野生型transition 转换transversion 颠换spontaneous mutation 自发突变reverse mutation 回复突变sexduction 性导操纵子operon 启动子promoter 转导transduction corepressor辅阻遏物repressor 阻遏蛋白recombination repair 重组修复退火annealing denaturation 变性clone 克隆复制子replicon cloning vector 克隆载体延伸extensionpromoter 启动子cohesive end 黏性末端telomere 端粒系统发育phylogeny gene therapy 基因治疗terminator 终止子nitrification 硝化作用ammonification 氨化作用表达载体expression vector denitrification 反硝化作用anaerobic respiration无氧呼吸aerobic respiration有氧呼吸gene incompatibility 不亲和性origin of replication 复制起始点synonymous mutation 同义突变mutation 基因突变missense mutation 错义突变chromosomal aberration 染色体畸变乳糖操纵子lactose operon frame-shift mutation 移码突变色氨酸操纵子tryptophan operon negative transcription control 负转录调控cytoplasmic inheritance 细胞质遗传genetic engineering 基因工程recombinant DNA technology 重组DNA技术palindromic structure 回文结构spread plate method 涂布平板法pour plate method 倾注培养法streak plate method 平板划线法shake tube method 稀释摇管法continuous culture 连续培养。