2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Green plants or other photosynthesizing organisms use light energy from the sun to manufacture carbohydrates for their own needs. Most of this chemical energy is processed in metabolism and dissipated as heat in respiration.问题1选项A.emergedB.convertedC.evolvedD.consumed【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. emerged (从隐蔽处或暗处)出现,浮现B. converted (使)转变,转换C. evolved (使)逐渐形成,逐步发展D. consumed 消耗,耗费(燃料、能量、时间等)【答案】D【考查点】动词辨析。
【解题思路】dissipated的意思为“(使)消散,消失”,指的是大部分能量在呼吸过程中散失,结合语境,consumed与之词义相近,因此D选项正确。
【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。
【句意】绿色植物或其他进行光合作用的生物利用来自太阳的光能制造碳水化合物来满足自己的需要。
大部分化学能量在新陈代谢过程中被处理,在呼吸过程中以热的形式消散。
2.单选题As we passed over the dark bridge her wan face fell lazily against my coat’s shoulder.问题1选项A.charmingB.cheerfulC.paleD.uneasy【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. charming 令人着迷的,迷人的B. cheerful 快乐的,高兴的C. pale 灰白的,苍白的D. uneasy 担心的,忧虑的【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。
【解题思路】wan的意思为“苍白无力的,无血色的”,这里形容她脸色苍白,pale与之词义相近,因此C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。
【句意】当我们走过漆黑的桥时,她苍白的脸懒洋洋地贴在我的外套上。
3.翻译题Still, the idea of animals feeling emotions remains controversial among many scientists. Researchers’ skepticism is fueled in part by their professional aversion to anthropomorphism (动物人格化), the very nonscientific tendency to attribute human qualities to nonhumans. Many scientists also say that it is impossible to prove animals have emotions using standard scientific methods—repeatable observations that can be manipulated in controlled experiments—leading them to conclude that such feelings must not exist. Today, however, amid mounting evidence to the contrary, “the tide is turning radically and rapidly,” says Bekoff, who is at the forefront of this movement.Even the most harsh skeptics of animal passion agree that many creatures experience fear—which some scientists define as a “primary” emotion that contrasts with “secondary” emotions such as love and grief. Unlike these more complex feelings, fear is instinctive and requires no conscious thought.But beyond such instinctive emotions and their predictable behavioral responses, the possibility of more complex animal feelings—those that entail mental processing—is difficult to demonstrate, because feelings are intangible, and so tough to study scientifically.The new case for animal emotions comes in part from the growing acceptability of field observations, particularly when they are taken in aggregate. The latest contribution to this body of knowledge is a new book. The Smile of a Dolphin, which presents personal reports frommore than 50 researchers who have spent their careers studying animals—from cats, dogs, and chimps to birds and fish, edited by Bekoff, who says it will finally “legitimize” research on animal emotions.【答案】【参考译文】但是,许多科学家仍然对动物也有情感的观点持有异议。
研究人员之所以表示怀疑,部分原因是他们出于职业习惯讨厌拟人论,因为他们认为这是一种将人类的特性强加在非人类生物身上的毫无科学根据的主观倾向。
许多科学家还认为用标准的科学方法无法证明动物是有情感的——在受控实验环境下可进行重复观察——这使他们得出结论,认为这些所谓的动物情感一定不存在。
但是如今出现越来越多相反的证据。
站在这场运动前沿的贝科夫说道:“这场运动的潮流正在根本性地迅速转向。
”甚至连那些对动物情感论持绝对怀疑态度的人也认为,许多动物有恐惧感——有的科学家认为,恐惧是与爱和悲伤等“中级”情感相对的“初级”情感。
与较为复杂的“中级”情感相比,恐惧是一种本能,它不需要任何有意识的思维。
但是,除了这些具有本能性质的情感及其可预见的行为反应之外,科学家很难证明动物可能存在更为复杂的情感,即那些需要有心理活动过程的情感,因为感情是无形的,很难用科学的方法进行研究。
动物情感方面出现新主张,部分原因是越来越多的人愿意接受研究人员取得的实地观察结果,特别是把这些观察结果汇总到一起时。
新书《海豚的微笑》对这一知识体系做出了最新贡献。
该书收录了50多名研究人员撰写的个人报告,这些研究人员将自己的整个职业生涯都倾注在对动物的研究——猫、狗、熊、黑猩猩、鸟和鱼等动物。
该书的编辑贝科夫认为,这本书最终会使动物情感的研究“合法化”。
4.单选题Facing-port industry has become the basic pillar of economic strength in developed countries and promoted the formation of international production.问题1选项A.circumstanceB.motivationC.backboneD.initiative 【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. circumstance 条件,环境B. motivation 动力C. backbone 支柱,骨干,基础D. initiative 主动性,积极性【答案】C【考查点】名词辨析。
【解题思路】pillar的意思为“核心,基础,支柱”,临港工业是发达国家经济实力的基本核心,backbone 与之词义相近,因此C选项正确。
【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。
【句意】临港工业已成为发达国家经济实力的基本支柱,促进了国际化大生产方式的形成。
5.单选题At the height of the war, more than a million people were displaced and confined to squalid camps.问题1选项A.wetB.tinyC.crowdedD.dirty【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. wet 潮湿的B. tiny 极小的,微小的C. crowded 拥挤的D. dirty 肮脏的,污秽的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。
【解题思路】squalid的意思为“肮脏的”,表示难民营很脏,dirty与之词义相近,因此D选项正确。
【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。
【句意】在战争最激烈的时候,有一百多万人流离失所,被关在肮脏的难民营里。
6.单选题Outdoor recreation plays a large role in national life. Norwegians prize solitude and self-reliance, and many people choose to walk or ski or camp alone.问题1选项A.richnessB.alonenessC.opennessD.fairness【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. richness 丰富,富饶B. aloneness 孤独感C. openness 诚实,率真D. fairness 公正性,公平合理性【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。
【解题思路】solitude的意思为“独处,独居”,这里指的是挪威人崇尚独处,aloneness与之词义相近,因此B选项正确。