第2讲：现在完成时现在完成时的定义：现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响；而与一般过去时相比，一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去。

试比较:The plane has arrived. 飞机已经来了.(说明现在的情况,飞机在这儿.)The plane arrived an hour ago. 飞机是在一小时前抵达的(强调动作发生的时间.)现在完成时的结构：肯定句:主语＋have/has＋过去分词（done）Lily has returned from America.★变否定句在have/has后面加not主语＋have/has＋not+过去分词（done）Lily has not returned from America.★变一般疑问句将have/has移到句首主语＋have/has＋not+过去分词（done）Has Lily returned from America?肯定回答及否定回答：Yes，she has./ No， she hasn’t.★变特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+一般疑问句特殊疑问词（how/what/why/when/where）＋have/has＋主语＋过去分词(done) Where has Lily returned from?现在完成时的用法：在学习这一概念的同时，还应注意常与现在完成时连用的几个副词：already，just，ever，yet，never等。

already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑问句和否定句中。

如：I have already finished my homework．我已经做完家庭作业了。

He has just had his meal．他刚吃过饭。

Have you ever sung this English song？你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？They haven't started yet．他们还没有动身。

We have never heard of it．我们从来没有听说过这件事。

（1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)（2）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。

如：I haven't seen him for two years. 但是，像come, arrive, buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。

要用，必须改为“be（在）”等延续性动词来表述。

现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：arrive→be here begin(start)→be ondie →be dead come back→be backleave →be away fall ill(sick,asleep)→beill(sick,asleep)get up→be up go out →be outfinish →be over put on →wear 或be onopen →be open join →be in或 be a member of…close →be closed go to school→be a studentborrow →keep buy →havecatch(a cold)→ have(a cold) get to know →knowbegin to study→study come to work→work等如： He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。

His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。

The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。

We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。

注：瞬间动词（即一个动作在瞬间便可完成，如buy, die, join, lose……）不能直接与for，since 连用。

要改变动词1．have代替buyMy brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.2．用keep或have代替borrowI have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.3．用be替代becomeHow long has your sister been a teacher?4．用have a cold代替catch a coldTom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.5．用wear代替put on have put on →have worn6．用“be＋形容词” 代替瞬间动词be＋asleep代fall (get) asleephave come/gone back/returned → have been backhave come/gone out →have been outhave closed / opened→ have been close/openhave got up → have been up；have/has gone to → have been inhave joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the armyhave been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…(3) have been in, have been to 与have gone to 的用法1. have(has) been in 意为“已经在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。

如：Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。

They have been in Canada for five years. 他们到加拿大有五年了。

2. have(has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”，表示现在已经不在那里了。

可与just, ever, never 等连用。

如：I've just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。

Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。

3. have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。

如：I've been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。

They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。

4. have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。

总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。

如：—Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里？—He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去了。

现在完成时表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

如：Have you read that story？你读过那个故事吗？（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是：是否知道故事的内容。

）I have bought two apples．我买了两个苹果。

（“买”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的结果是：拥有两个苹果。

）动词过去式,过去分词不规则变化cut（割） cut cutlet（让） let letput（放） put putread （读） read readbecome（变成） became becomecome（来） came comerun（跑） ran runget（得到） got gothold（抓住,举办） held heldsit（坐） sat satwin （赢） won wonmeet（遇见） met metkeep （保持） kept keptsleep（睡） slept sleptfeel（感觉） felt feltsmell（闻） smelt smeltleave（离开） left leftlend（借出） lent lentspend（花费） spent spentlose （丢失） lost lostlearn（学习） learnt learntcatch（抓住） caught caughtteach（教） taught taughtbring（带来） brought broughtbuy（买） bought boughtthink（想） thought thoughthear （听见） heard heardsell（卖） sold soldtell（告诉） told toldsay（说） said saidfind（找到） found foundhave/has（有） had hadmake（制造） made madestand（站） stood stoodunderstand明白understood understood begin（开始） began begundrink（喝） drank drunksing （唱） sang sungswim（游泳） swam swumblow（吹） blew blowndraw （画） drew drawnfly（飞） flew flowngrow（生长） grew grownknow（知道） knew knownthrow（投掷） threw thrownshow（出示） showed shownbreak（打破） broke brokenchoose（选择） chose chosenforget（忘记） forgot forgotten (forgot) eat（吃） ate eatenfall（落下） fell fallengive（给） gave giventake（取） took takenride（骑） rode riddenwrite（写） wrote writtendo（做） did donego（去） went gonesee（看见） saw seenwear （穿） wore wornbe ( am, is, are )（是）was, were been现在完成时练习题及答案一、翻译下列句子：你曾经吃过鱼和薯条吗？2. 我刚刚丢了我的化学书。