课时作业(二十一)Ⅰ.阅读理解A[2019·河北沧州一中模拟] That people often experience trouble sleeping in a different bed in unfamiliar surroundings is a phenomenon known as the “first-night” effect.If a person stays in the same room the following night，he tends to sleep more soundly.Yuka Sasaki and her colleagues at Brown University set out to investigate the origins of this effect.Dr Sasaki knew the first-night effect probably has something to do with how humans evolved.The puzzle was what benefit would be gained from it when performance might be affected the following day.She also knew from previous work conducted on birds and dolphins that these animals put half of their brains to sleep at a time so that they can rest while remaining alert enough to avoid predators(捕食者)．This led her to wonder if people might be doing the same thing.To take a closer look，her team studied 35 healthy people as they slept in the unfamiliar environment of the university's Department of Psychological Sciences.The participants each slept in the department for two nights and were carefully monitored with techniques that looked at the activity of their brains.Dr Sasaki found，as expected，the participants slept less well on their first night than they did on their second，taking more than twice as long to fall asleep and sleeping less overall.During deep sleep，the participants' brains behaved in a similar manner seen in birds and dolphins.On the first night only，the left hemispheres(半球) of their brains did not sleep nearly as deeply as their right hemispheres did.Curious if the left hemispheres were indeed remaining awake to process information detected in the surrounding environment，Dr Sasaki re-ran the experiment while presenting the sleeping participants with a mix of regularly timed beeps(蜂鸣声) of the same tone and irregular beeps of a different tone during the night.She worked out that，if the left hemisphere was staying alert to keep guard in a strange environment，then it would react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep and would ignore the regularly timed ones.This is precisely what she found.1．What do we learn about Dr Yuka Sasaki doing her research?A．She found birds and dolphins remain alert while asleep.B．She found birds and dolphins sleep in much the same way.C．She got some idea from previous studies on birds and dolphins.D．She conducted studies on birds' and dolphins' sleeping patterns.2．What did Dr Sasaki do when she first did her experiment?A．She monitored the brain activity of participants sleeping in a new environment.B．She recruited(招募) 35 participants from her Department of Psychological Sciences.C．She studied the differences between the two sides of participants' brains.D．She tested her findings about birds and dolphins on human subjects.3．What did Dr Sasaki do when re-running her experiment?A．She analyzed the negative effect of irregular tones on brains.B．She recorded participants' adaptation to changed environment.C．She exposed her participants to two different stimuli(刺激物)．D．She compared the responses of different participants.4．What did Dr Sasaki find about the participants in her experiment?A．They tended to enjoy certain tones more than others.B．They tended to recognize irregular beeps as a threat.C．They felt sleepy when exposed to regular beeps.D．They differed in their tolerance of irregular tones.[解题导语]在陌生的环境中，人往往难以入睡，这种现象被称作“首夜效应”。
佐佐木博士受之前对鸟类和海豚的研究的启发对人类进行研究，发现第一次在陌生环境中睡眠时，人的大脑左半球实际上处于警惕状态。
1．C解析：细节理解题。
从第二段可知，佐佐木博士从过去对鸟类和海豚的睡眠实验中得到启发，现在将同样的实验用在人身上。
因此C项正确。
2．A解析：细节理解题。
从第二段中的“The participants each slept in thedepartment for two nights and were carefully monitored with techniques that looked at the activity of their brains.”可知，佐佐木博士的实验主要是监测参与者睡着时大脑的活动。
3．C解析：细节理解题。
从最后一段可知，佐佐木博士给实验参与者展示两种不同的蜂鸣声：规则的和不规则的。
因此C项正确。
4．B解析：推理判断题。
从最后一段中的“She worked out that，if the left hemisphere was staying alert to keep guard in a strange environment，then it would react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep and would ignore the regularly timed ones.”可知，她发现如果人在陌生环境中睡眠时大脑左半球保持警惕，那么它会对不规则的蜂鸣声作出反应并把人从睡眠中叫醒，而忽视规则的蜂鸣声。
B[2019·安徽、江西等五省六校联考] Homeless people face a lot of challenges.Some of the most basic challenges，however，spring from not having regular access to clean water and cleaning stuff such as soap and shampoo.And poor personal hygiene(卫生) can be particularly troubling for homeless teens.That challenge inspired a young researcher，Leia，to invent a multi-purpose product.It would need to absorb sweat and oil from skin and hair.It would need to clean teeth.Plus，it would need to kill bacteria without being harmful to people.She wanted her ingredients to be natural and biodegradable(可生物降解的)．Leia started by going to stores and looking at the ingredient lists for tooth powders，body powders and dry shampoos.Then she put together eight different trial recipes of her own.She tested each mixture to see how well it absorbed body oil and cleaned hair.To find out how they might work as a toothpaste，she tested them at removing coffee stains from eggshells.Eventually，Leia settled on three working recipes.Each contains salt and baking powder.The salt helps clean teeth and remove dirt，she notes.Baking powder helpsabsorb smells.Her three recipes' other ingredients differed.Some of those ingredients included cloves，cinnamon and chamomile.Those sorts of things give her products different tastes and smells.That would let teens choose a product based on personal preferences.Leia wants to develop her product further.“Could it be used to drive off mosquitoes？”she asks.“Or does it attract them？These are questions I want to answer next，” she notes.“Science offers a way to go about solving problems and helping people，” says Leia.And she thinks her products could benefit a broad range of people，not just the homeless.Anyone in an area with little or no access to clean water could find her products useful，she says.5．What made Leia make the product according to the text?A．Her personal experience.B．The suffering of homeless people.C．Poor personal hygiene for homeless people.D．Her curiosity about invention and helping others.6．The third paragraph mainly tells us ________.A．how Leia made the productB．how effective the product isC．what functions the product hasD．what ingredients the product has7．What can we learn about the product from the fourth paragraph?A．People can buy it in the market now.B．The product only has three varieties.C．Salt is used to clear smells and remove dirt.D．It can be custom-made to suit personal taste.8．How does Leia feel about her invention?A．It has some faults.B．It is quite satisfactory.C．It still needs improving.D．It is useful in remote area.[解题导语]无家可归的人，尤其是无家可归的青少年，面临的很大问题就是糟糕的个人卫生状况。