(lexical meaning) (grammatical meaning) e.g. weak/ness-es ➢ root/affix morpheme e.g. weak/ness
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Task
➢ What are the inflectional morphemes in the following phrases?
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➢ closed-class words -- open-class words
New members of word class:
➢ particles: pass by; make up; to do; not
➢ auxiliaries: I don't do it; is he coming? he has gone.
imperative
optative (wish-expressing)
exclamatory
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Discuss
➢ PP. 56-57 No. 7
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4.4 Collocations, idioms, chunks, and constructions
➢ Some phrases, for various reasons, are more or less tight collocations (like “a handsome car”, “a pretty girl”) or closed idioms (like “in the end” and “leave off”).
always spoke a very heavy dialect.
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Classification of English words
➢ grammatical words (function words/form words/ functors)
➢ lexical words
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Practice: Identify those that are function words
and those that are lexical words in the following
short paragraph. What’s the percentage of
function words?
➢ What does it mean to be fat? And, moreover, what does it mean to be a woman who is fat? In the United States, the word “fat” is not merely descriptive; it has a negative connotation. Women are pressured to be thin and young looking at every age, and those who do not fit this definition of normal, are, for the most part, marginalized. (67 words)
linguistic form
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Classification
simple
sentence
complex
non-simple compound
compound complex
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interrogative
indicative
sentence
declarative
jussive (order-giving)
formation).
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4.1 English morphemes
➢ The morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, lexical or grammatical.
➢ Ask: How many morphemes does the following word contain?
Word formation in English
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➢ Practice: Point out the devices of word formation for
each of the following:
smog, enthuse, tec, PLO, hospitalize, plane (v.) nylon
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4.3 English clauses and sentences
➢ A clause in English is one unit of organization that contains a subject-predication structure. A simple sentence is a clause. Alternatively:
➢ A stem-formative is the morpheme that serves to create stems. e.g. biology, thermometer
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Discuss
PP. 53-54 No. 3
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4.2 English words
➢Presentation session
➢ For the morpheme of "plural meaning" in English:
map-maps /s/, dog-dogs /z/,
watch-watches /iz/, mouse-mice /ai/,
ox-oxen /n/, tooth-teeth /i:/, sheep-sheep /Ø/
➢ A clause is a group of words that has its own subject and predicate but is included in a sentence. e.g.
(1) I want to know why.
(2) Having an influential father is often advantageous.
c.f. bookcase -- friendship
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Allomorph
➢ A set of allomorphs, e.g. in-, im-, il- ir-, are the variants (different realizations) of a morpheme, in- in this case. They have the same meaning and are in complementary distribution.
➢ superordinate/main/matrix clause ➢ subordinate clause
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English sentences
➢ a. Definition: ➢ Semantically, the minimal form that
expresses a complete thought ➢ Formally, not included in any larger
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Root and stem
➢ The stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be attached. e.g. lived, shortened, weaknesses, landlords
w analysis
weaknesses
weakness
-es
weak
-ness
•
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Practice:
➢Analyze the word: unwomanliness
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Classification:
➢ free/bound morpheme e.g. weak/ness ➢ derivational/inflectional morpheme
(3) Do you know where I come from?
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➢ A clause may be finite or non-finite. In the latter case, the subject of the predicate is implicit but inferable from the sentence containing the clause, such as an infinite clause, a –ing or –ed participle clause.
Lecture 4 The units of English
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Review
Describe the following sounds:
➢ /f/
➢ /i/
➢ / :/
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➢ [f]: voiceless, labia-dental, (oral), fricative
➢ /i/: high, front, lax, short, unrounded
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➢ Morphology [ 形 态 学 ] is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.
Morphology falls into two categories: ➢ inflectional morphology (study of inflections) ➢ lexical/derivational morphology (study of word