第7章18世纪(1688～1798)7.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）With the ascent of the bourgeoisie cultural life，some special features are worthy of our notice:随着市民阶层文化生活的提升，以下几点值得我们的注意：(1) Political writings（政治写作）The rise of the political parties and their rivalry called forth writers，literary men willing to work for either party in order to help either of them win more votes.政党的崛起，他们的竞争对手召集作家进行创作，而作家们一般都愿意帮助其中任何一派来替他们拉选票。
(2) Newspapers and journals（报纸和期刊）With the coming of the 18th century a new mass media came into being. Both parties printed newspapers as a means to express their views. Besides, the rise of the middle class also helped the growth of the newspapers.随着18世纪的到来，一种新的媒介开始形成。
双方政党都印刷报纸作为宣传他们主张的媒介。
此外，正在上升的中产阶级也推动了报业的发展。
(3) Coffeehouses（咖啡屋）In the latter half of the 17th century and throughout the 18th century, the coffeehouses in London served as informal meeting houses for men of all classes,where they could exchange their opinions and do business.17世纪后半叶和整个18世纪，伦敦的咖啡屋都被当成是各个阶级的非正式会议室，他们可以在那儿交流意见、业务往来。
(4) The new morality（新道德）The balance of power, in spite of the fact that the Whigs held sway for forty years, was so even that it was an age of moderation, tolerance, and common sense. This was to a great extent due to the development of science and philosophy of the time.权力制衡，尽管辉格党的政权40年来飘摇不定，但这仍旧是一个温和的，宽容的、合情合理的社会。
这归功于当时科学和哲学的发展。
(5) Science and technology（科学技术）In order to understand why reason came to be predominant in the 18th century, it is important to know something about Newton’s scientific discovery and the philosophy of John Locke.为什么18世纪是理性主宰的世纪？我们有必要知道一些牛顿的科学发现和约翰·洛克的哲学。
(6) The French influence（法国的影响）Classicism as a trend first originated in France when France was the leading power of the western world. They propounded that dramatists should follow the rules set down by Roman writers. They believed that those Roman writers had established the perfect art and rules of art for future generations to follow. Those rules could best be learned from close study of their works and by careful imitationof them.古典主义潮流始于法国（路易十四统治时期），当时法国是西方世界的主导力量。
他们提出剧作家应该遵循古罗马作家的写作规则。
他们认为古罗马作家已经建立起了完美的艺术和艺术规则，并且为后世的创作提供了标准。
最好要通过细致地研究他们的作品和仔细地模仿学习来学习这些规则。
Ⅱ. The Characteristics of Neo-classicism（新古典主义的特点）(1) emphasis on reason rather than emotion重视理性而非主观情感(2) didactic and satirical说教和讽刺意味(3) closed couplet the only possible verse form联句是唯一可能的形式(4) catering to the interests of the “society” in great cities迎合大城市“社交界”的兴趣(5) totally different from romanticism与浪漫主义截然不同Ⅲ. Main Writers（主要作家）(1) Daniel Defoe (1661～1731)（丹尼尔·笛福）①His Life（生平简介）Daniel Defoe was born in a lower middle class family. His father was a butcherand a staunch Puritan in religion, a dissenter against the Church of England. And because of this, Defoe was deprived of the opportunity to go to college. He attended a school specially set up for dissenting children. Later, he educated himself by reading widely and traveling both in England and on the Continent.笛福出生在中下阶级家庭，父亲是肉贩，是坚定的清教徒，反对英国国教。
由于此，笛福被剥夺了上大学的权利。
他在专门为反对国教者的孩子们设立的学校读书。
后来，他通过广泛阅读和周游英国与欧洲大陆而自学。
②Major Works（主要作品）Captain Singleton《辛格顿船长》A Journal of the Plague Year《大疫年纪事》Moll Flanders《摩尔·弗兰德斯》Roxana《罗克珊娜》Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》③Appreciation of Works（作品赏析）◆Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》a. The plot of the story（主要情节）Robinson Crusoe, son of a well-off family, chose to go overseas to seek fortune, instead of staying at home to inherit his father’s wealth and property. During his many dangerous adventures abroad, he gradually accumulated money and owned a plantation in Brazil. But, he still would not stop seeking new adventures and more wealth. And finally, on one of his journeys of the slave trade a shipwreck landed him on a desolate island where he stayed for 28 years 2 months and 19 days. Using the ammunition and provisions he found on the wrecked ship, Crusoe fished and hunted, made clothes out of animal furs, built a house like a stronghold, learned to raise goats and grow crops, and even saved a savage, named him Friday and trained him to be his servant. At the time of his return to England, he had built on this island a new colony.鲁滨逊生活在富裕的家庭，他选择到海外寻求财富，而不是待在家继承父亲的财产。
在充满危险的海外探险过程中，他积累了财富，并在西班牙拥有一个种植园。
但是，他没有停止对新冒险和财富的寻找。
最终，在一次黑奴交易中，船只失事了。
他被滞留在孤岛上长达二十八年零两个月十九天。
他利用在沉船上找到的弹药和供应品进行钓鱼和打猎，用动物皮毛制作衣服，建造了一座堡垒似的房子，学习饲养羊，种植农作物，甚至救了一个奴隶，把他叫做“星期五”并把他训练成仆人。
当他要回英国时，他已经在这座岛上建立了一个新的殖民地。
b. The theme of the story（主题）Daniel Defoe portrayed Robinson Crusoe as a real representative of the empire builders in the bourgeoisie revolution. He is the most practical and exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit.丹尼尔·笛福将鲁滨逊塑造成为了一个英国资产阶级革命运动中的典型的帝国建造者。