寒假专题（一）——词类、句子成分一、学习目标：1. 词类2. 句子成分二、重点、难点：1. 英语中词的分类2. 主要句子成分3. 词类和句子成分之间的关系三、考情分析：词类和句子成分是紧密联系的，近年来，全国各地的中考英语试题对其均有不同侧重的考查，主要集中在单选、完形、选词填空、单词拼写、句子翻译等题型中。

四、知能提升：（一）词类根据词的意义、句法作用和形式特征将词进行分类。

1. 名词→ 英语名称：Noun (n.)作用：表示人或事物名称的词。

例词：teacher, book , pen2. 代词→ 英语名称：Pronoun (pron.)作用：代替名词、形容词或数词等。

例词：we, my, some, this , many3. 数词→ 英语名称：Numeral (num.)作用：表示数目或顺序。

例词：two, first, fifth4. 动词→ 英语名称：Verb (vt. / vi.)作用：表示动作或状态。

例词：be, take, look5. 形容词→ 英语名称：Adjective (adj.)作用：修饰名词，表示人或事物的性质和特征。

例词：good, big, nice, beautiful6. 副词→ 英语名称：Adverb (adv.)作用：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示动作特征或物体的形状特征。

例词：fast, nearly, happily7. 冠词→ 英语名称：Article (art.)作用：用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。

例词：a, an, the8. 介词→ 英语名称：Preposition (prep.)作用：修饰名词和代词，表示词与词、词与句之间的关系。

例词：in, on, under9. 连词→ 英语名称：Conjunction (conj.)作用：连接词与词，短语和短语，句子和句子。

例词：and, if, but, or10. 感叹词→ 英语名称：Interjection (interj.)作用：表示说话时的感情或语气。

例词：oh, hello, hi【分析】十大词类中：名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词均可在句子中独立担任成分，可称其为实词。

例如：名词可在句子中作主语、宾语等成分。

动词可在句子中作谓语等成分。

【即学即练】2. 代词Pronoun (pron.) ：3. 数词Numeral (num.) ：4. 动词Verb (vt. / vi.) ：5. 形容词Adjective (adj.) ：6. 副词Adverb (adv.) ：7. 冠词Article (art.) ：8. 介词Preposition (prep.) ：9. 连词Conjunction (conj.) ：（二）句子成分1. 主语( Subject)【作用】是一句之“主”，句子中的其他成分围着主语“转”【例句】My brother is a student. 我的哥哥（弟弟）是一个学生。

Your pen is on the desk. 你的钢笔在桌子上。

2. 谓语( Predicate)【作用】表示主语发出的动作或存在的状态【例句】She goes to school at 7 o’clock. 她7点钟去上学。

（动作）She knows a little Chinese. 她懂一点汉语。

（状态）3. 宾语（Object）【作用】表示动作的承受者，也可表示动作的结果【例句】I love you. 我爱你。

（动作的承受者）I am watching TV now. 我正在看电视。

（动作的结果）4. 表语(Predicative)【作用】和系动词一起构成谓语【例句】You are a good teacher. 你是一个好老师。

English is my favorite subject. 英语是我最喜欢的学科。

5. 定语(Attribute)【作用】修饰名词、代词等。

【例句】Her father is very tall. 她的爸爸非常高。

(her修饰名词father) Everyone at school likes that teacher.学校里的每个人都喜欢那位老师。

（at school修饰代词everyone）6. 状语(Adverbial)【作用】修饰动词、形容词或副词【例句】He often worksvery late into the night.他常常工作到深夜。

(late修饰动词work, very修饰副词late的程度)（三）词性与句子成分1. 主语、宾语多由名词、代词担任，有时也可由起名词作用的动名词、不定式或从句担任。

I like English.（1）Peter is a well-known scientist.Peter是著名的科学家。

（名词作主语）（2）He reads newspapers every day.他每天读报。

（代词作主语，名词作宾语）（3）Smoking is harmful to the health.吸烟对健康有害。

（动名词作主语）（4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.在昆明湖里游泳是一件非常愉快的事。

（不定式作主语）（5）What we shall do next is not yet decided.下一步做什么我们还没定下来。

（主语从句作主语）2. 谓语一般由动词担任。

I love you.（1）His parents are teachers.他的父母是老师。

（系动词和表语一起作谓语）（2）We study hard.我们努力学习。

（行为动词作谓语）（3）He can speak English.他会说英语。

（情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）3. 定语一般由形容词和代词担任。

（1）She is a beautiful girl. （形容词）她是一个漂亮的女孩。

（2）What’s your name? （代词）你的名字是什么？4. 状语一般由副词担任。

We should walk quickly.我们应走快点。

【即学即练】写出划线部分在句子中担任什么成分。

1. Her garden is the best in our town.【分析】her____词，作____语，修饰________in our town ____短语，作地点____2. I likethis bookvery much.【分析】like ____词，作____语this book 作____语very much 作____语3. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister.【分析】on the blue bike ____短语，作____语Jane’s 名词________，作____语4. She didn’t come to my partylast Sunday.【分析】didn’t come____词，作____语last Sunday 时间____5. Wang Ping does his homework carefully.【分析】does____词，作____语，his homework 作____语carefully ____词，作____语6. We will go to the Children’s Park once a week.【分析】will go ____词，作____语（一般将来时态）once a week 作____语，表示动作的频率7. They are Chinese students.【分析】Chinese students 作____语8. It sounds good.【分析】sounds 属于____系动词，good为____词，作____语。

9. His name is Paul.【分析】his人称____词，作____语Paul 人名，作____语10. We go to school early.【分析】early ____词，作____语练习：一、单项选择1. —Let’s play volleyball!—I don’t like to play volleyball. That sounds _______.A. funB. interestingC. boringD. good2. —Let’s go to play football.—_______!A. Yes, pleaseB. GreatC. That’s all rightD. Thank you3. —_______ the balls?—They’re under the chair.A. Where’sB. WhereC. Where areD. What are4. —What’s your name, please?—My name is ______.A. Han meimeiB. Wang Xiao YaC. Green JimD. Li Yunde5. —How is your teacher today?—________A. I’m fine, thank you.B. She is fine, thanks.C. He is good, thanks.D. They are fine, thank you.6. —_____ is your skirt?—It’s black.A. WhatB. HowC. Which colorD. What color7. This is _______ pen.A. my aB. the myC. a my D my8. There is _______ “m” in the word “map”.A. anB. aC. theD. /9. Linda Brown is my good friend. Her father is ________.A. Johnson BrownB. Johnson SmithC. Brown JohnsonD. Smith Johnson10. You and I ______ students in this school.A. areB. isC. amD. be11. —Is this ________ dictionary?—No, _____ isn’t _______ dictionary.A. his; it; meB. your; it; myC. your; this; myD. my; it; my12. Lucy _______ computer games.A. don’t likeB. isn’t likeC. doesn’t likeD. not like13. Do you have _______ basketball? Let’s play ______ basketball after school.A. an; aB. a; aC. /; /D. a; /14. We can see some apples _______ that tree and a nice bird ______ that tree.A. on; inB. in; onC. in; inD. on; on15. Miss Gao, _____ are my father and my mother.A. theseB. thisC. thoseD. that二、完形填空This is 1 bedroom. Can you see a bed, two 2 , a chair and a kite on the floor? __3__ you see a map on the wall? You can see some 4 and a kite on it. You can see a window 5 wall, too. Where’s 6 light? It is on 7 table. Some books are on this table, __8__. Where 9 the flowers? They are on the other table. You can see a clock 10__ it . Under the bed is his football. It’s a very nice bedroom.1. A. Tom B. of Tom C. Tom’s D. of Tom’s2. A. table B. tables C. tablese D. of table3. A. What B. Can C. Where D. Which4. A. pictures B. picture C. the pictures D. the picture5. A. in B. on C. in the D. on the6. A. the B. a C. an D. some7. A. a B. the C. the one D. one8. A. too B. to C. or D. and9. A. am B. are C. is D. do10. A. at B. under C. on D. in三、阅读理解(A)Hello! My name is Mike. I am from the USA, Now I am in China with my parents. I like China. I like Chinese food, too. I have breakfast at home. I eat an egg, bread and porridge for breakfast. I don’t like milk. I have no time to go home for lunch. So I have it at school. The lunch in our school is good. I can have different foods for lunch. I eat rice, meat and vegetables. Sometimes I have noodles and dumplings. I have dinner at home with my parents. Sometimes we go to restaurants with friends. We have chickens, vegetables and fruit.1. Mike is ________.A. AmericanB. EnglishC. ChineseD. in the USA2. For breakfast, Mike has ________.A. an egg, an apple and porridgeB. an egg, bread and porridgeC. an apple, bread and milkD. an egg, an apple and bread3. He has lunch _________.A. at schoolB. at homeC. in a restaurantD. with his parents4. He has _______ for lunch.A. rice, meat and vegetablesB. dumplings and noodlesC. chicken, meat and fruitD. A or B5. Sometimes they have dinner _________.A. at schoolB. in restaurants with some friendsC. at his friend’s homeD. at home(B)Dear Jerry,Please take these things to Alice. She needs them: her CD player and CD case, backpack, sunglasses（太阳镜）, baseball cap, keys and alarm clock. Her CD player and her CD case are on the table in her bedroom. Her backpack is under her bed. The sunglasses are on my desk in the living room. Her baseball cap is on her bed. Her keys are on the table in the kitchen. The alarm clock is on the table in her room.Thanks!Lucy 根据短文内容，回答下列问题1. Where is Alice’s backpack?2. Are Alice’s keys on the table in her bedr oom?3. Where is the alarm clock?4. Is Alice’s CD player on the table in her bedroom?5. Where are Alice’s sunglasses?。