并列句和复合句一、并列句。

并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句并列在一起构成。

常见的并列句的结构是：简单句+并列连接词+简单句，这种简单句常被叫做分句。

并列连词前可以用逗号，也可以不用逗号。

常用的连接词如下：also, and, but, either…or…, however, not only…but also, or, or else, so, still, yet, neither…nor…等。

他学习努力并通过了考试。

Let’s hurry, or we’ll be late.咱们赶紧点，要不就迟到了。

I have been to Beijing many times, but my parents have never been there.我去过北京多次，但我父母从没去过。

These flowers are white, and those flowers are red.这些花是白色的而那些花是红色的。

I am a worker, but my brother is a professor.我是一个工人，但是我的兄弟是个教授。

注：当when作“就在这时（and just then）”解时，其引导的分句也是并列句。

Eg：I was wandering through the streets when I caught sight of a shop forclothes.我正在街上徘徊，就在这时，我突然看见了一家服装店。

二、复合句。

复合句是由两个或两个以上的简单句用某种连接方式连在一起的句子。

在句子中作某一个成分的句子叫作从句。

1.从句由连接词引导。

2.从句尽管有主谓结构，但不能单独成为一个句子。

在句中，从句仅担任某个成分。

根据所担任的成分，从句可分为名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句）、定语从句和状语从句。

Eg：What he said is not true.他说的不是实话。

I know it’s difficult to master English well.我知道学好英语不容易。

The question is whether he will join us next time.问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干。

The idea that Iraq could be taken within a week or two was an underestimation.伊拉克在一两周内就可以被攻占的这一想法是估计不足（的想法）。

Do you know the man who is in the car?你认识坐在汽车里的那个人吗？I’ll let you know as soon as he comes back.他一回来我就告诉你。

例题：______she couldn’t understand was___fewer and fewer showed their interest in her lessons.A. What; whyB. That; whatC. What; becauseD. Why; what三、名词性从句。

名词性从句是指在句子中起名词作用的各种词性。

按其在句子中的功用，名词性从句可分为4大类：（1）主语从句------------在复合句中作主语（2）表语从句------------在复合句中作表语（3）宾语从句------------在复合句中作宾语（4）同位语从句--------在复合句中作一名词的同位语。

常用的从属连词有：that, who, whom, whether, if, what, whose, which, when, where, how, why等。

Eg: What they are doing seems very important.他们要做的似乎很重要。

（主语从句）My hope is that he will be the best student in my class.我的愿望是他成为我班最好的学生。

（表语从句）Do you know who he is?你知道他是谁吗？（宾语从句）I don’t like the idea that money is everything.金钱就是一切，这个观点我不喜欢。

例题：It is pretty well understood______controls the flow of carbon dioxide I and out the atmosphere today.A. thatB. whenC. whatD. how1. 主语从句。

在句中起主语作用的句子叫作主语从句。

引导主语从句的词有：that, who, whether, if, what, which, whose, when, where, how, why等。

主语从句常出现在下面3中结构中。

（1）主语从句+谓语。

Eg：That she will come to our party is certain.她来参加我们的晚会是肯定的。

Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.谁擦的黑板还不知道。

That he’ll come to see us is really great.他来看我们真是太好了。

（2）It+be+形容词（名词词组、过去分词）+that从句。

Eg：It is quite clear that the elephant’s ear is like a huge fan.大象的耳朵像把大扇子，这一点很清楚。

It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.鲸不是鱼，这时常识。

It is said that our school will be rebuilt.据说我校将要重建。

It’s very good that he has passes the exam.他通过了考试太好了。

在这种结构中，that引导的从句后置。

而使用it作形式主语，它也可以与前面讲到的结构换用。

用于该结构的形容词很多，常见的有：obvious, clear, likely, true, certain…该结构中，如果使用了某些形容词、名词词组、过去分词，后面的主语从句要使用虚拟语气。

Eg：It is my suggestion that everybody (should) be there by six o’clock.大家都在六点前到那里，这是我的建议。

（3）It+seem(happen等不及物东刺激)+that从句。

Eg: It seems that Mary is not coming at all.好像玛丽根本不会来了。

用于该结构的不及物动词有：seem, happen, appear, matter…该结构有的可以用不定式结构转换。

如上面句子可转换为：Mary doesn’t seem to be coming at all.例句：I read about it in some book. Does it matter______it was?A. whereB. whatC. howD. which2. 表语从句。

在句子中其表语作用的句子叫做表语从句，表语从句放在系动词的后面。

表语从句的顺序也是陈述句的顺序，只是它们引导的从句在复合句中的位置发生了变化，放在了表语的位置上，通常跟在系动词之后。

引导表语从句的词有：if, whether, what, which, when, where, how, why, as if/as though等。

Eg: That is why I am late.这就是我迟到的原因。

The truth is that he is the thief.事实上他就是小偷。

The problem is that they are short of money.问题是，他们缺钱。

The question is whether it is worth reading.问题是它是否值得一读。

They are just what I want.它们就是我要的东西。

That’s why they were late.那就是他们迟到的原因。

例题：--I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.--Is that______you had a few days off.A. whyB. whenC. whatD. where3. 宾语从句。

在句中起宾语作用的句子叫做宾语从句，宾语从句放在及物动词或介词之后作了宾语。

引导宾语从句的连词有：that, if, whether, what, which, when, where, how, why等，各自的意义不变。

宾语从句的语序仍然用陈述语序。

Eg：I don’t expect that he had broken the glass.我没有想到他把玻璃打碎了。

Can you tell me how many students there are in your class?你能告诉我你们班有多少学生吗？Please tell me who is your teacher.请告诉我谁是你的老师。

I don’t know why he is absent.我不知道为什么他不在。

I worried about whether I hurt her feelings.我担心是不是我伤了她的感情。

We quite agree with what you said.我们非常同意你说的话。

例题：1. –Do you remember______he came?--Yes, I do. He came by car.A. howB. whenC. thatD. it2. A computer can only do_____you have instructed it to do.A．how B. what C. after D.when3. The way he did it was different______we were used to.A. in whichB. in whatC. from whatD.from which4. The shopkeeper did not want to sell for______he thought wasnot enough.A. whereB. howC. whatD. which4. 同位语从句。

用连词that，whether以及连接代词who, which, what和连接副词how,when, where, why等来引导从句作同位语。