What is writing?A kind of communicationthrough written signsExamination writing is guided writing : what are we to write and how to write.Where do we write on a piece of paper?In the middle of the first lineHow do capitalize the title of a composition?Capitalize the first and the last of the title and all other words except articles, coordinating conjunctions(and,or,but,nor,for),short prepositions,and to in infinitive.How do we begin a sentence and end it?Capitalize word,end with a period or exclamation or question mark.How do we join two coordinate sentences?We coordinate with semicolon, or comma and conjunctionWhat about the punctuation in the title?No period is used. Use a question/exclamation if needed.How do we indent /begin/mark a paragraph?Leave a space of about 4 or 5 letters in the beginning of the first line of each paragraph.What is a comma splice/fault?The use of a comma in places where a semicolon mark,a colon,a period mark and an exclamation mark should have been used.How do we mark the titles of articles and names of books in a composition?Use quotation marks with titles of articles; underline names of books in handwriting; italicize names of books in handwriting; italicize names of books in print.How do we divide a word?The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables.Where do we use a capitals?The first word of a sentence; key words in titles; proper nouns.How do make pages?Use Arabic numerals without parentgeses or periods in the upper right hand corner of all pages. The first page needn’t be marked.Identification and descripition of problemsrelated to wordsexamples to make them specificfind beautiful words to express ourselvesWhat is diction?The choice and use of wordsThe choice of synonymsThe creative use of wordsHow are synonyms different?A stylistic different/formalitiesWhat are the three levels/types of words/Common words, formal and technical words, non-standard/colloquial wordsWhan do we use each type of words/Common words: good for all kinds opf writing and speakingFormal and technical words:good for formal writings, such as scholarly or theoretical words, political and legal documents, and formal lectures and addressesNon-standard words: good for informal and familiar conversations.How do we use idioms in English?a.English idioms are colloquial.b.English idioms are short-lived.What is simile?A comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like.What is metaphor?The use of a word which originally denotes(refers)one thing to refer to another with a similar quality.What is personification?To treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualitiesWhat is metonymy?Substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associatedWhat is synecdoche?Substituting a part for the whole,or the whole for a part.What is euphemism?Substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one.What is irony?The use of words which are opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect.What is overstatement or hyperbole?Overstatement exaggerates the subject.What is understatement?Understatement plays down the magnitude or value of the subjectWhat is transferred epithet?An epithet is anadjective or descriptive phrase that serves characterize somebody or something.A transferred epithet is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with noun.What is oxymoron?Apparently contradictory terms combined to product special effect.What is alliteration?Apparently of the same initial consonant sound in two or more wordsHow do we make a sentence correct?plete in structureA grammatically complete sentence is one that contains at least a subject and a predicate verbs; if the verb is a transitive verb, there must be an object;if the verb is a like verb, there must be a predicative or complement.B. the right subjectThe subject of the sentence should be properly related to the non-finite verbs in the sentence.The subject of the sentence should also be the logical subject of the nonfinite verbs in the sentence.C. agreemenr between the subject and predicate verbD. clear pronoun refercesE. capitalization and full stop, or exclamation mark, or question markF. join co-ordinate sentence with semicolon or comma and conjunctionG. main clause in a complex sentenceH. proper use of comparisonI. correct use of the tenseHow do we make a sentence effective?A.unity/unifiedlogically connection; relevancy; complete.B.coherenceconcern with the order of the sentence1.do ont separate words that are closely related2.do not use a pronoun with an ambiguous reference3.do not yse a daugling modifier4.do not make unnecessary or confusing shifts in person or number5.do not make unnecessary changes in voice, tense, or mood of verbs6.do not use different forms to express parallel ideasC.concisenessno unnecessary word; brivity is the soul of writing; avoid repettition of any kindbination of sentences1.subordinationput ithe main idea in the main clause, and subordinate ideas in subordinate clauses2.coordinationput ideas of equal improtance in coordinate clauses3.non-finite verbs and prepositional phrasesE.emphasis1.emphatic sentences (short sentence; sentence fragments; inverted sentences; parallelconstruction and blanced sentences)2.emhasis within a sentenceParallel constructions: A sentence contains two or more parts of the same form and grammatic function.Balanced sentence: a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaningPeriodic stences:the main idea is put to the end of the sentence.What are the features of a good/effective paragraph/A.unity; All sentence in a paragraph lead to one central idea/theme.B.Coherence; One sentence leads logically to the next oneC.Cohesion; One sentence transits smoothly to the next one.How to make a para. Unified?A.planing: Topic-Topic sentences-Examples/details-Logical arrangementTopic sentence: A declarative sentence that states the main idea in a paragraph.B.patterns for the writing of unified paragraphsHow do we make a paragraph cohesive?A.parallel structureB.repeating words or word groupsing pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentencesD.being consistent in person, number and tenseing transitional expressionscoherent paragraph writing1.How do we write a para. By time?Time order2.How do we write a para. By process?Step by step order3.How do we write a para. By space? Spatical order4.How do we write a para. By example?general—specificorder; specific—general orderHow do we write a para. By cause-effect?A.state the cause then focus on the effects/by effect/cause—effectB.state the effect then focus on the causes/by cause/effect--cause。