Test 1: Development of Microbiology1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.The fundamental unit of all living organisms is theMembrane cell nucleus cell wallanisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to asfungi eukaryotic prokaryotic nankaryotic3.The three kingdom classification system of organisms was proposed byPasteur Bacon Winogradsky Woese4.Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi arecomposedof , while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycanChitin phospholipids protein glucosamine5.The first microscopes were developed byEhrlich Metchnikoff Leewenhoek Lister6.Control of microbial infections can be accomplished by chemical or immune mechanisms.The first report on the production of an antibiotic is credited to:Lister Fleming Ehrlich Koch7The term "antibiotic" meansa substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits other microorganismsa substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits moldsa substance produced by microorganism that kills or inhibits other microorganismsa substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells8 The first documented use of a vaccine for smallpox was reported by the English physicianLister .Florey Fleming Jenner9 Active immunity can be distinguished from passive immunity in that the former requires:development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodiesdevelopment of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antigensFlemingdevelopment of antibodies in a foreign host and transfer to one' s own bodydevelopment of antigens in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies10The process of nitrification by bacteria described by Winogradsky converts ammonia to nitrate ions nitrate ions to ammoniaN2 to ammonia ammonia to urea11The transfer of DNA from one organism to another through the use of a viral vector is referred to asElectroporation conjugation transformation transduction12The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:RNA DNA protein lipid2 Fill in the Blankanisms that contain a true nucleus are called_______2.Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _______3.. Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the _______and the ______4._______ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that can synthesize complex organic compounds from CO2:are called_______.6. ______ are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds fromlight.7. ______ require organic compounds for growth.8. Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as______.9. ______ are organisms that produce methane from CO2.10. ______organisms grow under conditions of high salinity11. Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four: a.______b.______c.______d.______12. Fungi, algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the followingcharacteristic:_______ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of _______.14. Viruses consist of ______surrounded by a protein coat.15. The scientific method utilizes deductive reasoning and observations or experiments toprove or disprove a _____.16. The theory _______of held that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.17. The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms by moderate heating iscalled:_______ .18. The process of tyndallization uses repeated heating to eliminate or_______microorganisms from solutions.19.An _______is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills othermicroorganisms.20. The process of stimulating the immune defenses of the body is referred to as_______.21. White blood cells that engulf foreign particles are referred to as______.22. A substance in serum that can neutralize foreign material is referred to as ______or______.23. Cells infected with a virus produce a substance called ______ that inhibits viralreplication.24. Avery, Colin and MacLeod first demonstrated that transformation of nonpathogenic topathogenic strains of bacteria could be carried out by the transfer of ______.25. Exchange of genetic information by direct contact is referred to as______.26. ______ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another.Test 2: Methods for Studying Microorganisms1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.Light microscopy is dependent on the interaction of light with on object. The ability oflight to pass through an object is referred to as:transported light transmitted light reflected light refracted light2. The resolving power (R) of a microscope is dependent on the wavelength of light (;~) and the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens. The formula for R is:R = 0.5~. xNA R = 0.5;~/NA R = NA/0.5Jr R = Square root of 0.5)./NA3. The gram stain uses ~ as a mordant to fix the primary stainIodine alcohol acetone safranin4.The acid-fast stain is useful in the identification of which of the following organismsStaphylococcus aureus Mycoplasma mycoides Mycobacteria tuberculosis Moraxella osloensis5.Botulism is a serious disease that can develop from the improper cooking of foodcontaining bacterial spores. Which of the following genera are capable of producing spores?Salmonella Listeria Escherichia Clostridia6.Which of the following types of microscopes utilizes electron beams to visualize objects?Nomarski TEM PCM Confocal7. A mixture of organisms was isolated from a patient suspected of having "Strep Throat."Which type of media would you use to isolate the suspected pathogen?Defined enriched selective differential8.Sterilization of material with an autoclave utilizes steam to kill microorganisms. Thecorrect procedure for sterilization with an autoclave is:15 min at 121℃at 15 lb/in2 15 min at 256℃ at 15 lb/in2 15 min at 121℃at 1 lb/in215 min at 121℃at 1 lb/in29. An antibiotic was added to a culture of bacteria to determine its effect. What method of enumeration would you use to determine the efficacy of the antibiotic?direct count viable count turbidimetric count absorbance9.Identification of microorganisms can be accomplished by a number of techniques.Which of the following requires the growth of the organism?enzyme linked assay gene probe metabolic fluorescent2 Fill in the Blank1. A media where all the ingredients are known is called a ______media.2.______technique is used to maintain a pure culture and avoid contamination.3.Sterilization instrument that utilizes steam under pressure: _______.4.A______ plate utilizes a loop or needle to distribute and isolate colonies on a cultureplate.5.______ identification utilizes antibodies for naming of bacterial species.6.Bacteria can be preserved for long periods of time by freeze-drying or______.7.The mrbidimetric method of counting bacteria utilizes a ______ to measure theamountof light passing through a solution.8.The viable plate count counts live bacterial colonies in the range or______ to______9. A counting chamber and a microscope are used in the______ count of bacteria.Test3: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms1Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.Eukaryotic membranes can be differentiated from prokaryotic membranes becauseeukaryotic membranes contain____as part of the lipid component of the membrane.Phosphates fatty acids proteins sterols2.The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to as the: bilayer model fluid mosaic model trilayer model permeable model3.The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to aconcentration gradient is referred to asDiffusion osmosis translocation transport4.The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate molecules that enter or exit the celland act as a ____ barrier.Semipermanent semitransparent semipermeable semidiffuse5.Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is called facilitated diffusion passive diffusion osmosis permeation6.Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules without chemicalalteration?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport 7.Which of the following transport mechanism occurs only in Gram-negativebacteria?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport8.Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes?active transport group translocation facilitated diffusion binding protein transport9.Lysozyme and penicillin have activity against the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks thiscomponent;penicillin prevents its formationLipopolysaccharide phospholipid peptidoglycan teichoic acid10.Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a:Protoplast spheroplast periplast capsule2 Fill in the Blank1.Most cells use energy in the form of______ to run the cell.2.Phospholipids of eubacterial cells are composed of a ______group and a _____on aglycerol backbone.3.Membrane proteins found on the surface are called ______ proteins.4.The energy source for active transport in eukaryotes is derived from ATP.The energy foractive transport in prokaryotes is derived from ______.5.The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative bacteria and the cell wall iscalled the _______.6.Extrachromosomal DNA elements found in bacteria are called________.7.Ribosomes are structures composed of _______ and ______.8.The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the ________.9.The hereditary organelle of eukaryotic cells is called the ______.10.The process by which a cell engulfs and internalizes particles such as bacteria or othercells is called ______.Test 4 :Eukaryotes1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)l. Fungi are considered heterotrophic because they obtain nutrition throughphagocytosis endocytosis adsorption photosynthesis2.The separation between filamentous fungal cells are referred to asFill in the Blank1.Unicellular fungi are called ______.2.Filamentous fungi form branching structures called ______3.The most common form of reproduction in yeasts occurs by ______.4.Silica is found in the cell wall of ______.5.The external structures of mushrooms are referred to as _______.6.The growth of fungi can be expressed by _____.7.Red tide is caused by a toxin released by the organism, Gonyaulax, which belongs to the______ group of fungi.8.Agar is made from this group of algae: ______.9.Trypanosoma gambiense causes the disease ______.10.A flagellate protozoa that can be found in mountain streams and causes diarrhea is______.Test5: Bacterial Growth and Reproduction1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. In bacterial cultures, growth can be demonstrated by an increase in:Mass cell size cell number cell length2DNA replication in bacteria is controlled by:cell size cell division cell separation cell initiation3.During which phase of bacterial growth is there an increase in cell size but not in cellnumber?Lag log stationary exponential4.The generation time for bacteria is determined by:measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from the time the culture was initiated until the beginning of stationary phasemeasuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from lag phase to death phase measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the end of stationary phasemeasuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the beginning of stationary phase5.Most pathogenic bacteria are considered:Psychrophiles mesophiles thermophiles .merophiles6.Bacteria that grow at low nutrient concentrations are referred to as:Autotrophs phototrophs copiotrophs oligotrophs7.In times of nutrient deficiencies, the bacteria Clostridium produce____until conditionsare permissive for vegetative growth.Prosthecae spores stalks fruiting bodies8.The temperature of the incubator was raised from 15~(2 to 35~(2. The cultures in theincubator demonstrated a____fold increase in enzymatic activityTwo for eight twentyanisms that grow at or near their optimal growth temperature are called stenothermal bacteria euthermal bacteriacauldoactive bacteria mesophilic bacteria10.All of the following are toxic oxygen products except:02 OH- H20 H20211. Catalase, which is produced by Staphylococci, catalyzes which of the following reactions?202+ 2H+ →2H202 + 02202+ 2H+ →2H202 + 02H202 + NADH + H+→2H20 + NADH202 + e- + H+→H2O + OH-12 A saturated solution of NaC1 has a water activity index of:1.0 0.90 0.80 0.7013. Organisms that can grow at a water index at or below that of NaCI are called Xerotolerant .salt tolerant mesotolerant salotolerant14. All of the following organisms will survive an environment of 0.9 Aw except Lactobacillus Staphylococcus .Saccharomyces SpiriUum15alophiles are classified as organisms that require ____for growth.Sugar salt .water air16.Osmophiles require a ____Aw for growth.Low high17.The pressure exerted on a cell due to high solute concentrations is referred to as: osmotic pressure hydrostatic pressure barometric pressure surface tension18. A diver encountered a new bacterial isolate while she was diving at 1000 m. Theorganism will be classified as:Marine barotolerant barophilic normal19.Fungi can be differentiated from most bacteria by culturing at:Marine low pH neutral pH20.All phototacfic bacteria respond to light by:moving away from the source of lightmoving toward the source of lightincreasing the movement of their flagellacreating gas vesicles to rise to the surface2 Fill in the Blankanisms that grow best above 40oC are called______.anisms that grow best below 20oC are called______.anisms that grow best between 20 and 40oC are called ______.4.Myxobacteria form unique structures called ______ to cope with nutrient deficiencies.5.Bacteria that grow only at reduced oxygen concentrations are called _______.6.Bacteria that require oxygen for growth are called_____.7.Bacteria that grow at high nutrient concentrations are called ______.8.Caulobacter is an example of a ______ bacteria.9.At temperatures above the optimum, E. coli and other bacteria induce a change in geneexpression called______10.A change in hydrostatic pressure of 10 atm is experience with an increase in depth of______ mTest 6: Control of Microbial Growth1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Chemicals used on the body to control microorganisms are called:Antiseptics disinfectants antibiotics chemotherapeutic2.The most effective way of sterilizing a solution is by:Incineration pasteurization filtration moist heat3.An autoclave is an apparatus that is used to sterilize various materials. Theappropriate conditions for sterilizing contaminated material is given by which of the following:15 min at 121℃at lpsi5 min at 121℃at 15 psi15 min at 121℃at 15 psi5 min at 131℃at 15 psi4. All of the following are an effect of ionizing radiation except:breaks hydrogen bondsthymine dimer formationgenerates oxygen radicalsring structure destruction5 hyperbaric chamber would be useful for treating infections caused by which of the following genera:Treponema Chlamydia Campylobacter Clostridia6.Agents that are used to inhibit bacterial growth are consideredBacteriocidal bacteriostatic antiseptics disinfectants7.The term used to describe substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibitother microorganisms are calledAntimicrobics antibiotics chemotherapeutic agents antiseptics8.Antibiotics must exhibit which of the following to be effective:narrow spectrum broad spectrum selective toxicitybacteriocidal9.Which of the following tests utilizes an antibiotic impregnated disk to test for theefficacy of the antibiotic?MIC MBC Mueller-Hinton Kirby-Bauer10.The MIC assay can determine if an antibiotic agent is:Bacteriocidal bacteriostatic aandb none of the above11.Penicillins are effective against:cells in log phase cellsin stationary phasecells in eclipse phaseall bacterial cells12.Penicillinases inhibit the activity of penicillins by which of the following mechanisms:break N. acetylglucosamine:N-acetylmuramic acid bondsbreak the peptidiglycanbreak the beta lactam ringbreak cycloserine13.Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis by binding to thetRNA mRNA 30S ribosomal subunit50S ribosomal subunit14.Trimethaprim is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase which is important is which ofthe following:vitamin metabolism 1-carbon transfersprotein synthesis membrane integrity15.HIsoniazid is used in the treatment of:Pneumococcal infectionsStreptococcal InfectionsLegionella infectionsMycobacteria infections16.Fungal cells differ from mammalian cells by the presence of which of the followingcompounds in their membranesChitin cholesterol ergosterol ositol17.All of the following antifungal agents target the membrane exceptGriseofulvin amphotericin B imidazole nystatin18.Which of the following antimicrobics is used in the treatment of malaria? Chloroquine metronidazole pentamidine amphotericin B19.Amantadine is effective in the treatment of which viral infectionHerpes HIV HTLV influenza20.Which of the following is inhibited by zidovudine?inhibits viral DNA dependent DNA synthesisinhibits viral RNA dependent RNA synthesisinhibits viral RNA dependent DNA synthesisinhibits viral DNA dependent RNA synthesisTest7: Microbial Ecology1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. A group of microorganisms coexisting together in a given location is referred to as a: Ecosystem population clones community2. A native population is called:Indigenous neutral obligatory community3foreign population is referred to as a________ populationautochthonous allochthonous xenochthonous chorochthonousanisms that grow on the surface of other organisms are called:Symbiotic epiphytic syncotropic lichens5.The rhizosphere effect is an example of:Commensalisms competition synergism cometabolism6.Lichens are symbiotic relationship between fungi and:Algae eubacteria protozoa archeabacteria7.Bgcteria that live within protozoa are and example of an:nonobligatory endosymbiotic relationshipnonobligatory autochthonous relationshipobligatory endosymbiotic relationshipobligatory autochthonous relationship8.Which of the following bacteria are capable of fixing nitrogen?Rhizobium Xanthomonas Agrobacterium Pseudomonas9.Ruminant bacteria utilize bacteria to degrade which of the following substrates? Chitin keratin galactose cellulose10.Luminescent bacteria engage in a symbiotic relationship with invertebrates and fish.In this relationship the fish contribute which of the following?Energy food oxygen nitrogen11. Which of the following describes parasitism and not endosymbiosis?parasitism is a relationship in which both host and parasite are harmed.parasitism is a relationship in which the parasite is harmed and the host is unaffected. parasitism is a relationship in which the host is harmed and the parasite is unaffected. parasitism is a relationship in which both the host and parasite benefit.12. Bacterial plant pathogens are called ___________ by the USDA.Bacteroids plant pests plant bugs plant germs13. Bacteria that cause plant diseases occur in all of following genera except: Xanthamonas Mycoplasma Corynebacteria Mycobacteria14. Which of the following organisms causes crown gall tumors?Agrobacterium Xanthomonas Erwinia Spiroplasma15.Most plant diseases are caused by:Fungi bacteria viruses viroids16. Which of the following is not an effective biological control method for controlling plant pathogens?use of resistant cropsuse of viral pesticidesuse of bacterial pesticidesuse of fungal pesticides17. Which of the following is the most useful bacterial pesticide?M. infectium B. thuringiensis P. putrificans X. campestris18. The greenhouse effect is due toexcess production of CO-OH by burning of fossil fuelsexcess production of CO2 by burning of fossil fuelsexcess production of CO by burning of fossil fuelsexcess production of CH4 by burning of fossil fuels19. Which is the lowest trophic level in the food web?primary producers grazers predators hetertrophic organismsTest8: Genetic Variation: Mutation and Recombination1Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Bacterial genes are consideredHomozygous heterozygous diploid haploid2.Extrachromosomal elements that can be exchanged between bacteria are called Transposons plasmids .alleles probes3. Extrachromosomal elements are known to contain genetic information for all the following exceptnitrogen fixation toxin production antibiotic resistance cell wall repair4Which of the following mutations would have a higher probability of coding for a lethal event?Suppressor silent nonsense missense5.Which of the following mutations would result in a change in the amino acid in thepolypeptid chain?Suppressor silent nonsense missense6. Frameshift mutations result in the addition or deletion of a base in the DNA chain.Reestablishment of the reading frame can be corrected by a second mutation called: Suppressor silent nonsense missense7The technique of replica plating is often used to detect nutritional mutations.Microorganisms that grow on complete media but fail to grow on minimal media are called:Autotrophs auxotrophs symbionts heterotrophs8. The technique of replica plating was developed by:Crick Watson Lederberg Collins9A complementation test was used to determine the site of two separate mutations. Two mutantstrains were mated and the resultant progeny were still mutant. The results indicate that themutations are:Cis trans10.UV light induces mutations by:causing breaks in the DNA chain allowing for the substitution of additional basescauses links between thymidine molecules on the same DNA chaincauses links between thymidine molecules on different DNA chainscauses an increase in melanin in the skin11.Various chemicals can induce mutations by modifying the nucleotides, causing basedeletions or mimicking bases and substituting for them in the DNA chain. An example of the latter is:Acridine 5 –bromouracil mitomycin C nitrous oxide12.The Ames test is used to screen chemicals for mutagenic and carcinogenic potential.Which bacterial strain is utilized in this procedure?Escherichia coli Shigella dysenteriae Salmonella typhimuriumStreptococcus pyogenes13.After infection of a cell by the HIV vires, a DNA copy of the viral genome may beinserted in the host chromosome. This is an example of:viral recombinationdisparate recombinationdisparate recombinationhomologous recombinationnonhomologous—recombination14.Multiple copies of an antibiotic resistance gene was found on the chromosome isolatedfrom bacteria X. What is the most likely explanation for this occurrence?the bacteria was infected with numerous bacteriophages that contained the antibiotic resistance genethe bacteria mated with numerous bacteria containing plasmids with the antibiotic resistance genethe bacteria contained the antibiotic resistance gene on a transposon that underwent replicative transpositionthe bacteria contained multiple copies of the antibiotic resistance gene from recombination 15.Viruses that are capable of inserting their genome into the host chromosome are called: lytic viruses temperate viruses permissive viruses competent virusesTesT9: Viral Replication1 Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. The protein coat structure of the virus is called a:Coat envelop receptor capsid2.The composition of the envelop of some viruses isphospholipids and proteins coded by the viral genomephospholipids coded by the host genome and proteins coded by the viral genome phospholipids and proteins coded by the host genomephospholipids coded by the viral genome and proteins coded by the host genome3. A cell that permits viral replication is called:Productive abortive permissive restrictive4.The receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus is the:CD3 CD4 heparin sulfate neuraminidase5.The receptor for herpesvirus is:CD3 CD4 heparin sulfate neuraminidase6.Which of the following are the first products produced by minus strand viruses?RNA DNA protein envelop7. Which of the following are the first products produced by HIV?RNA DNA protein envelop8Viruses that reproduce by budding:demonstrate single step growth kineticsdemonstrate continuous growth kineticsdo not have an eclipse periodhave high burst sizes9. Which of the following is considered a lysogenic phage?Fd .φχ174T4 λ11.Viral particles can be identified within the cell at all stages except:Attachment eclipse latent lysis12.In some cases intact viruses are not needed to infect a cell. Infectious protein moleculesthat can cause disease are given the termPrions viroids capsomers virions13.Which of the following is considered an oncogenic virus?HTLV SV40 RSV Influenza14.Replication of animal or bacterial viruses can be demonstrated by visually countingthe number of ______on a plateLawns viral particles cells plaques15.The replication of retroviruses proceeds by:synthesis of a DNA strand from the RNA template utilizing viral DNA polymerase synthesis of a DNA strand from the RNA template utilizing host DNA polymerase synthesis of a DNA strand from the RNA template utilizing viral RNA polymerase synthesis of a DNA strand from the RNA template utilizing host RNA polymerase。