西方电影赏析1.Important figures in the early history of film development (including their main contributionof film):[1] Lumiere brothers;(French) used the “cinematograph” to both record and show films; Held the first public motion picture screening in Paris, 1895.[2] Edison;1887: 1st patent for motion picture camera; 1891: invented kinetograph (early film camera) &kinetoscope (single viewer projection). Vitascope; Sandow-1894; Bike-1899; Kiss-1900; Eggs-1902; School-1904.[3] George Melies;A French surrealist - magician and filmmaker; The inventor of special effects, esp. in sci-fi films; Opened first theater in France, (1896); A popular film about space travel:Trip to the Moon, (1902).[4] Edwin S. Porter;Shot America’s first narrative films, The Great Train Robbery(1903), Life of an American Fireman (1903); Shot scenes out of order -- later edit in sequence; Shot first close-up (特寫鏡頭).[5] Sergei Eisentein;a revolutionary Russian film director and theorist; known for his silent films including Strike, October and his most notable being Battleship Potemkin.; the use of montage.[6] D. W. Griffith;American; He was one of the first directors to play around with the raw elements of moviemaking, such as lighting, continuity, editing and acting; His most notable production was “Birth of a Nation” made in 1915.[7] Robert Flaherty;an American filmmaker; directed and produced the first commercially successful feature length documentary film, Nanook of the North (1922).2. Three basic economic divisions of the movie industry.PRODUCTION: camera and projector technology, scripting, filming; DISTRIBUTION: marketing and delivering films into theaters; EXHIBITION: the theater industry that delivers movies to the public.3.The first sound film.The Jazz Singer4. The three most influential comedians of Silent Era in Hollywood.Harold Lloyd , Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton5. The “ big five ” and the “ little three ” (their names and some famous films related).The “Big Five” or the Majors:---Warner Brothers(became prominent by 1927 due to its introduction of talkies (The Jazz Singer 1927), and early 30s gangster films; it was known as the "Depression studio"; in the 40s, it specialized in Bugs Bunny animations and other cartoons.) --Paramount; --20th Century Fox; --Loew's (MGM) (Gone With the Wind); --RKO (owned by RCA)(musicals in the 30s, King Kong (1933), and Citizen Kane (1941))The “Little Three” or the Minors: --United Artists; --Columbia(established prominence with It happened one night (1934), Rita Hayworth films, Lost Horizon (1937) The Jolson Story (1946), and Batman serials.); --Universal.(its first successes were W.C. Fields and Abbott and Costello comedies, the FlashGordon serial, and Woody Woodpecker cartoons.)6. The first sound animated sound cartoon.Steamboat Willie7. The period of New Hollywood (famous movies and directors mentioned &characteristics ). New Hollywoodrefers to the time from roughly the mid-1960s (Bonnie and Clyde, The Graduate) to the early 1980s (Heaven's Gate, One from the Heart)Jaws (1975) and Star Wars (1977) marked the beginning of the end for the New Hollywood era.导演：Steven Spielberg and George Lucas;8. Blockbusters vs. independent films.Blockbusters: ---Enormous budget; ---Emphasizing spectacle, star power and high production value; Independent films: ---Made with small budgets, and independent of the studio corporation; ---Emphasizing high professional quality, creativity and innovation.9. Definition and essential elements of “action genre films”.Definition: Action films usually include high energy, big-budget physical stunts and chases, possibly with rescues, battles, fights, escapes, destructive crises (floods, explosions, natural disasters, fires, etc.), non-stop motion, spectacular rhythm and pacing, and adventurous, often two-dimensional 'good-guy' heroes (or recently, heroines) battling 'bad guys' - all designed for pure audience escapism.Two Essential Elements: Violence & Death.10. Subgenres of Action films and representative films[1] Action dramaCarol Reed's The Third Man; Luc Besson’s The Professional[2] Buddy copMajor examples are Rush Hour, Bad Boys, 48 Hrs., Lethal Weapon and Tango & Cash.[3] Action comedysuch as 48 Hrs.and Beverly Hills Cop. Bad Boys, Rush Hour and Midnight Run are other examples.[4] Action thrillerLethal Weapon, Lethal Weapon 2,3, and 4; Nighthawks. The Bourne Identity (2002), The Bourne Supremacy (2004),and The Bourne Ultimatum (2007).[5] Caper/ heistYou Only Live Once (1937); The Italian Job, Heat, and Ocean’s 11，12，13.[6] Die hard scenarioUnder Siege (魔鬼戰將);John Q(迫在眉梢), Executive Decision(最高危機), Air Force One(空軍一號), Speed(生死時速)[7] Sci-fi (science fiction) actionThe Star Wars; The Fifth Element, The Matrix,[8] Action horrorAliens (異型2)[9] Girls with gunsKill Bill[10] Hong Kong Action filmsdramatic themes such asbrotherhood, duty, honor, redemption and violence.11. Charlie Chaplin and his famous works.The Tramp <1915>, The Gold Rush <1925> City Lights < 1931> and Modern Times <1936>talkies:The Great Dictator <1940> Limelight <1952>12. Characteristics of Buster Keaton.His trademark was physical comedy with a stoic, deadpan expression on his face, earning him the nickname "T he Great Stone Face”13. Features of Harold Lloyd and his “Safety Last”.Harold Lloyd films frequently contained "thrill sequences" of extended chase scenes and daredevil physical feats, for which he is best remembered today. Lloyd hanging from the hands of a clock high above the street in Safety Last is one of the most enduring images in all of cinema.14. Comedian teams: Laurel & Hardy, the Marx Brothers.Laurel and Hardyfamous for:(1)contrasting, disparate physical differences; (2) classic gestures.The Marx Brothers: popular team of sibling comedians (Anarchy and Surrealism): Duck Soup(1933), A Night At The Opera(1935).A mixture of slapstick and sophisticated verbal comedy.15. Slapstick & Screwball comedies (characteristics & famous films).These films combine farce(滑稽戏) , slapstick and the witty dialogue of more sophisticated films, commonly focusing on a battle of sexes in which both co-protagonists try to outwit each other.It Happened One Night (1934), Bringing Up Baby(1938), I Was a Male War Bride (1949)16. Some famous black comedies.Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949), TheLadykillers (1955), Dr. Strangelove (1964)17. Billy Wilder and his famous comedies.Billy Wilder (Bittersweet Farce): Sabrina(1954), Seven-Year Itch (1955), Some Like It Hot(1959), The Apartment (1960)18. Mel Brooks and his famous comedies.The Producers, Young Frankenstein, High Anxiety;19. Woody Allen and his famous comedies.Take the Money and Run, Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Sex, Annie Hall etc. 20. Some famous British comedies.(1)Post-War Ealing Comedies:Kind Hearts and Coronets(1949), Lady-Killers(1955), Carry On series (1958-1978); (2) The Monty Python Comedies:And Now for Something Completely Different(1971), Monty Python’s Meaning of Life(1983), Time Bandits(1981); (3) Contemporary Development:A Fish Called Wanda (1988), Four Weddings and a Funeral(1994), The Full Monty(1997)21. Some famous romance films.Pretty Woman, My Best Friend’s Wedding, Notting Hill, Run-Away Bride, Green Card, Sleepless in Seattle, Forget Paris22.Some important shots (camera distance & camera angle).Some of the most important kinds of shots are:[1] Establishing shot; [2]The long shot; [3] Medium shot; [4] The close-up; [5] Extreme close-up; [6] Point-of-view shot; [7] two-shot; [8] aerial shot; [9] over the shoulder shot; Camera angle: [1] high angle; [2] low angle; [3] eye level shot; [4] canted angle (Dutch angle/Oblique angle)。