(3)From connotative meaning to collocative meaning are collectively known as associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.
内涵意义到搭配意义合起来称作 联想意义，因为解释这些意义需要依 靠一种关于思维关系的基本的联想理 论。
(4)Thematic meaning is more peripheral since it is only
determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.
• 这种理论的其中之一问题就是，
当我们通过实物书桌来解释 desk时，我们并不意味着书桌 必须具有当时当地那张书桌所 有的尺寸、形状、颜色和质料， 而是用它作一个实例，作某种 更普遍的东西的一个例子。也 就是说，在我们肉眼所见实物 之外存在的某种东西。这种东 西是抽象的，没有物质存在， 只能通过我们的思维来感知。 这种抽象之物即一般所谓概念。
把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫作 指称论。这是一种很流行的理论。通过指明词语所代表事物 来解释词义一般来说是可能的。
One problem of this theory is that when we explain the meaning of desk by pointing to the thing it refers to, we do not mean a desk must be of the particular size, shape, color and material as the desk we are pointing to at the moment of speaking. We are using this particular desk as an example, of something more general. That is, there is something behind the concrete thing we can see with our eyes. And something is abstract, which has no existence in the material world and can only be sensed in our minds. This abstract thing is usually called CONC1974, 1981). Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Seven types of meaning:
• • • • • • • Conceptual meaning （概念意义） Connotative meaning （内涵意义） Social meaning （社会意义） Affective meaning （感情意义） Reflected meaning （反射意义） Collocative meaning （搭配意义） Thematic meaning （主位意义）
(2) Connotative meaning
• Philosophers use CONNOTATION, opposite to DENOTATION, to mean the properties of the entity a word denotes.
• 哲学家的“内涵”跟“外延” 相对，表示词语所指称实体的 性质。
Chapter 5 Meaning
The subject concerning the study of meaning is called SEMANTICS.
More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.
研究意义的学科叫做语义学。更具体地说，语义学是研究语 言单位的意义，尤其是词和句子的意义的学科。
Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists. E.g. Plato & Lao Zi.
A theory which explicitly employs the notion “concept” is the semantic triangle proposed by Ogden and Richards in the meaning of meaning. In a diagram form, the relation is represented as follows:
5.1 Meanings of “meaning”
One difficulty in the study of MEANING is that the word “meaning” itself has different meanings. e.g. What is the meaning of life?
concept
word
thing
• Leech also uses SENSE as a briefer term for his conceptual meaning • There is yet another difference between sense and reference.
利奇也用“涵义”作为他所说的概念意义的简称。 然而，涵义和指称还有其他的不同。
Associative Meaning （联想意义）
1) Conceptual meaning——central part of meaning
It is “denotative” in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to . In this sense, conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of REFERENCE 这种意义是“外延”的，因为它关注词语跟它所指示物之间的联系。 从这点看，概念意义在很大程度上与指称相重合
主位意义是更外围的，因为它是由词序和词语重 音所决定的。
5.2 The referential theory
The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the REFERENTIAL THEORY, which is a very popular theory. It is generally possible to explain the meaning of a word by pointing to the thing it refers to.