.'Lexicology theis into linguistics, inquiring a branch oforigins and meanings of words.Morphology differenttheir and the : study of morphemeforms.Semantics the study of word meaning.：Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearerLexicography : the compiling of dictionaries. Synchronic study oneor words at a : the study of wordparticular point in time.Diachronic study studieswhich to : an approach lexicologyhow a word (or words) changes over a period of time.word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline;...'and the words possessed by an individual person. Terminology intechnical of terms used 术语consistsparticular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine: Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which行话and arts, sciences, trades members of particularin such as professions communicate among themselves business.slang belongs to the sub-standard language, a category俚语that seems to stand between the standard general wordsin-group and available including informal ones to everyone wordsArgot generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its黑话use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders canhardly understand it,Archaisms inonce are words or forms that were 古词语or restricted only specialized to are common use but nowlimited use.Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions,新词语or words that have taken on new meanings. denizens andpast in are 同化词words borrowed early thenow are well assimilated into the English language. Alien retainedwhich borrowed 非同化词are words have;...'their original pronunciation and spelling. Translation-loans.Translation-loans are words and借译词the existing expressions formed from the material in English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language.Semantic-loans not借义词Words of this category areborrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed.wordContent : the basic word stock is the foundation of theforms ,which accumulated and over centuries vocabulary the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary.Creation : the formation of new words by using the existing elements. and other affixes materials, namely roots, Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language Allomorph: any of the different forms of a morpheme Free morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a wordmorphemeBound : a form (morpheme) which can not he usedBoundanother used must alone hut be with morpheme.;...'morphemes include hound roots and affixesAffixes wordattached to or words that : forms areelements to modify meaning or functionPrefixation(suffixation): is the formation of new words by adding prefixes(suffixes) to stemInflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships affixesDerivational : affixes added to other morphemes tocreate new wordsRoot: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added Bound root: a root that can not stand alone as a word Monomorphemic words: words that have nothing more thana free morphemeAffixation theaffixation) is known : Derivation (also asprocess of formation of words by adding word-forming orof stems. Affixaton consisits to derivational affixes prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems; suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Compounding: Compounding or composition is the formation;...'of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way tire called compounds.Conversion bythe formation of new words ：Conversion is converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation .Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversionAcronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political terms noun phrases and technical organizations or special VOA, 不发音)e.g. BBC, Acronymy 包含两类:1) initialisms ()e.g. CORE, TEFLTB2) acronyms (形成新的发音Blending is the formation of new words by combining partsof two words or a won! plus a part of another word. Wordsformed by blending are called blends or pormanteau.the involves words of making new which way Clipping is a shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.Back-formation wordsnew process of forming is athe by process opposite of suffixation the considered to removal of an affix from existing word.Words from proper names of place, people, trade, book, etc.Concept,is beyond language, is the result of human cognition,;...'reflecting the objective world in the human mind Sense : denotes the relationships inside the language. Reference theand between the is relationship languageworld.;..。