二．语篇翻译实践篇：
在翻译的过程中，我们要把握整个语篇的特点（即文体类型及风格）认真清理文章发展的脉络，层次及句与句之间的衔接、连贯关系，同时还要注意一个词或一个词组与上下文或特定的语境中的关系。
（一）介绍篇章翻译的几种技巧：
1．按时间顺序
1）She found herself minus the leg one week after consulting a doctor about a
persistent swelling she attributed to hard
work and play in New York city---it was
an inoperable bone tumor. While it saved
her life, an ensuing year of
chemotherapy reduced the once stunning
model to a bald shadow of her former
self.
她腿上出现了一个持续不消的肿块。
原以为是在纽约又工作又游玩累的，看医生之后才知道是个骨瘤，而且不能手术切除。
一周后，她便截了那条腿。
虽然手术挽救了她的生命，但接踵而来的长达一年的化疗使这位一度艳丽销魂的时装模特儿秀发脱落，骨瘦如柴，失尽昔日风采。
2）She (Florence) was determined to pluck out of Hardy’s mind the things said in the derogatory diary that Emma had kept about her husband (Hardy), and which he (Hardy) destroyed after her (Emma’s) death.
埃玛生前记过一本诋毁丈夫声誉的日记，她死后哈代已把日记毁掉。
弗洛伦斯决定要把日记内容也从哈代头脑中清除掉。
（Emma 和Florence分别为Hardy的第一任和第二任
妻子。
）
2．叙述和描写分开
1）Gerald Ford was walking through a group of several hundred admirers in a
pleasant , sunlit park in front of the
California State Capitol at Sacramento,
shaking hands with people in his
amiable, relaxed way.
萨克拉门托的州议会大厦前的公园里，阳光普照，景色宜人，几百位杰拉尔德﹒福特的支持者聚集在那里。
福特穿过人群，像以往那样平易近人、轻松愉快的同人们握手。
2）The desire to move about unknown in the well-clad world, the world of the
frequenters of costly hotels, the world to
which he was accustomed, had
overtaken him. Moreover, he felt hungry.
Hence he had descended to the famous
restaurant.
这是个衣冠华丽的世界，是豪华饭店常客们的世界，也是他所熟悉的世界。
它极想在这个世界里默默无闻的来往，再说，他也饿了，于是便下楼来到这家著名的餐厅。
3．逻辑连接的调整
1）It is not only military secrets that Communists steal now. Today they are
after trade and technical data, too.
Growing contacts in the West make their
job easier.
目前（苏联）共产党人不光窃取军事秘密，也在猎取贸易和技术方面的情报资料。
由于和西方的接触日益扩大，他们干这种勾当就容易多了。
（此译将原文前两句合在一起，成为递进关系复句，（……不光……也……）。
最后一句的主语部分译为原因小句）
2) Man’s sudden concern for the
environment has introduced a new
dimension into international relations. It
has heightened tensions between rich and
poor nations; it has introduced a widened
range of issues for potential conflict.
人们忽然关心起环境问题，因而我们必
须从新的角度来看国际关系。
对环境问
题的关心不仅使富国和穷国之间的关
系更紧张，而且还可能引起更大范围的
种种矛盾问题。
4.段落的分合
一般说来，语篇翻译只需按原文的段落层次进行即可。
但是，英汉语行文习惯不同，按原文的段落层次翻译有时不合汉语的行文习惯。
在这种情况下，翻译时，有必要对原文的段落层次划分作适当的技术处理，予以拆分或合并。
例如：
1．He was a little man, barely five feet tall, with a narrow chest and one shoulder higher than the other and he was thin almost to emaciation(憔悴;消瘦). He had a crooked
nose, but a fine brow and his colour was fresh. His eyes, though small, were blue, lively and penetrating. He carried his three-cornered hat under his arm and in his hand a gold-headed cane. He walked everyday, rain or fine, for exactly one hour, but if the weather was threatening, his servant walked behind him with a big umbrella. （分段处理）
他个头矮小，长不过五尺，瘦骨伶仃，身板细窄，且一肩高一肩低。
他长着一副鹰勾鼻子，眉目还算清秀，气色也还好，一双蓝眼睛不大，却迥然有神。
他腋下夹顶三角帽，手上拄根金头拐杖，天天散步一小时，风雨无阻。
当然落雨下雪时自有仆人亦步亦趋，为他撑伞。
分析：
译文对原文进行了适当的技术处理，将“他”的外貌描写
作为一段，将“他”的行为描写作为另
一段进行处理，显得层次分明，条理清
楚。
2． A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who insists that
women have outgrown the
jump-on-the-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mous
e era and a colonel who says that they
haven’t.
“A woman’s unfailing reaction in any crises,”the colonel says, “is to
scream. And while a man may feel like it,
he has that ounce more of nerve control
than a woman has. And that last ounce is
what counts.”
这时一位年轻的女士同一位上校展开了热烈的辩论。
她坚持说妇女已有很大进
步，不再像过去那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳起来了。
上校则认为变化还没那么大。
他说“妇女一遇危机情况必然是高声尖叫，男人虽然也会想要叫，但和妇女比起来他的胆量大那么一点，能够控制住自己，而这大出来的一点胆量却是极其重要的。
分析：
比较一下原文和译文，会发现译文的段落更为紧凑、合理，营造了连接紧密、贯通一致的效果。
从一般意义而言，原文层次与层次之间关系的密切程度是段落分合的重要依据，而译文的行文习惯则是对原文段落拆分或合并的参考因素。
当然，翻译不宜妄改原文的结构形式，对原文的段落进行拆分、合并只能偶尔为之，且须有理有据，适度有序。