Chapter 1 Introduction （引言）§ 1.1 Space and Time （空间与时间）uni verse 宇宙object 物体measurement 测量kin ematics 运动学motion of objects 物体的运动mass poi nt/particle 质点center of mass 质心space and time 时空rotation 旋转subject研究的对象phenomena 现象in tergalactic 星系间的submicroscopic 亚微观的dimension 尺度uniform 均匀的isotropic 各向同性的con ti nu ous 连续的direction 方向graininess 颗粒性location 位置frame of reference 参考系specify 确定、规定simultaneously 同时地inconsistent with 与…不一致define/definition 定义platinum-iridium 铂铱合金atomic standard 原子标准transition 跃迁meridian 子午线general conference on weights and measures国际计量大会vacuum 真空former sta ndard of len gth 米原器atomic energy level 原子能级isotope cesium 铯同位素krypt on 氪an gstrom 埃§ 1.2 Coordin ate Systems and Frames of Refere nee （坐标系与参考系）frame of refere nee 参考系coord in ate system坐标系recta ngular Cartesia n coordi nates 直角笛卡儿坐标系axis / axes （pl.）（坐标）轴origin坐标原点at rest静止dime nsion 维mutually perpe ndicular 互相垂直in tersectio n 交点§ 1.3 Idealized Models （理想模型）idealized model 理想模型simplified version 简化方式neglect 忽略particle 质点air resista nee 空气阻力vacuum真空in terms of 利用rigid body 刚体in sulator绝缘体§ 1.4 Vectors （矢量）vector矢量scalar标量magn itude 大小velocity 速度accelerati on 加速度mome ntum 动量proporti onal to 正比于parallel 平行positi on vector 位置矢量§ 1.5 Properties of Vectors （矢量的特点）resulta nt/net vectoradditio nsubtractio nequivale nttra nslatehead-to-tail methodparallelogram method diag onalcommutative lawscalar productdot productdistributive lawmultiplicationcross product vector product arearight-hand ruleparallelmultiplyfunctionsome variable§ 1.6 Components of a Vector （矢量的分量）comp onent 分量absolute value 绝对值projection 投影perpe ndicular 垂线recta ngular comp onen正交分量§ 1.7 Unit Vectors （单位矢量）unit vector单位矢量dime nsionl ess 无量纲的unit magn itude 单位大小respectively 分别地Chapter 2 Kin ematics: Motio n in Two and Three Dime nsions（运动学:维与三维运动）§ 2.1 Kinematical Function of a Point （质点的运动函数）positi on vector 位置矢量trigo no metry 三角学§ 2.2 Displacement and Velocity （位移与速度）trajectory 轨迹displaceme nt vector位移矢量velocity 速度ratio比值，比率straight line 直线approach趋近、接近limit极限average velocity 平均速度in sta ntan eous velocity 瞬时速度slope斜率chord 弦limiti ng process求极限过程curved path弯曲路径derivative 导数magn itude and directi on 大小和方向speed 速率scalar comp onents标量分量limiting value 极限值limiti ng process求极限过程tangent相切、切线cha nge增量、改变量differe ntial n.微分differe ntiate v.微分、求导in tegrate v 积分in tegrati on n.积分coefficient 系数module （矢量的）模successively 连续地square root 平方根§ 2.3 Acceleration （加速度）accelerati on 加速度average accelerati on 平均加速度in sta ntan eous accelerati on 瞬时加速度sec ond derivative 二阶导数positive 正的n egative 负的respectively 分别地on e-dime nsional moti on —维运动uniform circular motion 匀速圆周运动projectile motion 抛体运动§ 2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration （匀加速运动）§ 2.5 Lin ear Motion with Con sta nt Accelerati on （匀加速直线运动）lin ear线性的on e-dime nsional—维的corresp onding 对应的eliminate 了肖去freely falling bodies 自由落体air resista nee 空气阻力acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度altitude 高度vertical direct ion 竖直方向n egative sig n 负号latitude 经度regardless of与.无关maximum value 最大值minimum value 最小值§ 2.6 Projectile Motion （抛体运动）projectile 抛体trajectory 轨迹assumpti on 假设negligible可忽略的rotati on 转动air friction空气摩擦parabola抛物线parabolic Maj ectory 抛物线轨迹initial初始的horizontal 水平的in depe ndent 独立的superpositi on 叠力卩flight time飞行时间horiz on tal range 射程maximum height 最大高度horiz on tai surface 水平面a body projected horiz on tally 平抛物体vertical竖直的firing angle 抛射角§ 2.7 Circular Motion （圆周运动）circular motion 圆周运动uniform circular motion 匀速圆周运动circular moti on with vary ing speed 变速圆周运动centripetal 向心的arc len gth 弧长an gular displaceme nt 角位移in sta ntan eous an gular velocity （瞬时）角速度radia n（s）弧度dime nsional有量纟冈的coun terclockwise 逆时针clockwise顺时针circle 圆cen ter of a circle 圆心vectorially 矢量地an gular accelerati on 角加速度tangen tial accelerati on 切向加速度cen ter-seeking 向心resolve （矢量）分解cen tripetal accelerati on 向心加速度no rmal accelerati on 法向加速度perpe ndicular to 垂直于radial径向的radius半径§ 2.8 Relative Motion （相对运动）relative velocity 相对速度relative acceleration 相对加速度observer观察者outcome 结果measureme nt 测量statio nary 静止的differentiate 求微分Galilea n tran sformati on equati on 伽禾U略变换valid有效的special theory of relativity 狭义相对论as it turns out 结果是relative to 相对于head ing due north 头朝北right triangle直角三角形upstrea m 逆流hypote nu se直角三角形的斜边Chapter 3 Newton ' s Laws of Motion （牛顿运动定律）§ 3.1 Newton' s First Law （牛顿第一定律）at rest静止net exter nal force/ resulta nt force合外力in ertial frame of refere nee 惯性参考系inertia 惯性act on = exert （力）作用于approximati on 近似in ertial mass惯性质量in teract （n. i nteractio n）相互作用resulta nt exter nal force 合外力mome ntum 动量uni ess stated otherwise除非另有说明§ 3.2 Newton' s Second Law （牛顿第二定律）non zero非零的mass质量mome ntum 动量rate of cha nge 变化率directly proportional to 正比于inversely proportional to 反比于§ 3.3 Newton' s Third Law （牛顿第三定律）in teract相互作用opposite相反、相对isolated孤立的acti on force 作用力reaction force 反作用力§ 3.4 Applications of Newton ' s Laws （牛顿运动定律的应用）tension 张力diagram示意图isolate 隔离free-body diagram 受力图unknown未知量Atwood ' s Machine阿特伍德机light string 轻绳vertically 竖直地frictionless无摩擦的incline 斜面pulley滑轮bala need平衡的block木块、滑块wedge楔、斜铁pla ne平面horiz on tal surface 水平面§ 3.5 In ternatio nal Un its and Dime nsio ns （国际单位制与量纲）physical qua ntity 物理量fun dame ntal unit 基本单位uni versally 普遍scientific community 科学界luminous in te nsity 光强度abbreviati on 缩写lowercase小写的uppercase大写的recta ngle 矩形§ 3.6 In troduction to Some Com mon Forces （几种常见力）electromag netic 电磁的lean aga inst 倚靠compress 压mattress spri ng 床垫弹簧no rmal force 法向力、支持力stiffness倔强性stretch 拉伸frictional force / force of friction 摩擦力viscous medium粘滞媒质（介质）resista nee 阻力force of static friction 静摩擦力maximum force of static friction 最大静摩擦力is proportional to 正比于proporti on ality con sta nt 比例常数coefficient of static friction 静摩擦系数coefficient of kinetic friction 滑动摩擦系数variation 变化§ 3.7 The Four Fun dame ntal Forces （四种基本力）gravitational force 引力uni versal gravitati onal con sta nt万有引力常数electromag netic force 电磁力bind约束Coulomb' s law库仑定律charged particle 带电粒子stro ng nu clear force 强力hydroge n 氢nu cleus （pl. nu clei or nu cleuses原子核n eutr on 中子prot on质子coun teract 抵抗repulsive排斥的stre ngth 强度weak nu clear force 弱力short-ra nge force 短程力radioactivity 放射性radioactive decay 放射性衰变nucleons 核子massless无质量的acti on at a dista nee远程作用hypothesis 假设field 场Chapter 4Lin ear Mome ntum and An gular Mome ntum（动量与角动量）§ 4.1 Lin ear Mome ntum and Impulse （动量与冲量）（lin ear） mome ntum 动量impulse 冲量impulse-mome ntum theore m 动量定理time-average force 平均冲力§ 4.2 Impulse-momentum Theorem for Particles System （质点系的动量定理）particles system 质点系in ternal forces 内力exter nal forces 夕卜力§ 4.3 Con servation of Lin ear Mome ntum （动量守恒定律）momenta （pl.）动量§ 4.4 Center of Mass （质心）vector no tati on 矢量表示con ti nu ous object 连续物体eleme nt of mass 质元§ 4.5 Motion of the Center of Mass （质心的运动）con served守恒的isolated system 孤立系统§ 4.6 Angular Momentum of a Particle （质点的角动量）con served守恒的isolated system 孤立系统§ 4.7 Conservation Law of Angular Momentum （角动量守恒定律）Kepler开普勒ellipse 椭圆Chapter 6 Rotatio n of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis （刚体的定轴转动）§ 6.1 Motion of a Rigid Body （刚体的运动）rigid body刚体parallelogram rule平行四边形法则translation 平动an extended body 空间实体rotati on 转动non deformable 不变形的resultant motion 合运动parallel 平行fixed axis 固定轴counterclockwise motion 逆时针运动angular acceleration 角加速度clockwise motion 顺时针运动separation 间隔translation 平动angular velocity 角速度trajectory 轨迹§ 6.2 Law of Rotation of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis （刚体定轴转动定律）moment of inertia 转动惯量rotation axis 旋转轴torque 力矩proportionality constant 比例常数element of mass 质元line of action of force 力的作用线analogue 类似；相似perpendicular distanee垂直距离distribution of mass 质量分布pivot about 围绕…旋转；以…为轴旋转moment arm 力臂is proportional to 与…成正比§ 6.3 Calculation of Moments of Inertia for Rigid Bodies （转动惯量an extended body延续实体hoop圆环spherical shell薄球壳solid sphere实心球spherical cavity 球腔linear density 线密度§ 6.4 Application of Law of Rotation of a Rigid Body about a FixedAxis （刚体定轴转动定律应用）orientation 方向；方位atwood' s machine伍德机brake制动器，刹车pedal踏板sprocket链轮齿bearing轴承pulley滑轮non slip无滑动§ 6.5 Conservation of Angular Momentum with Respect to the FixedAxis （对定轴角动量守恒）resultant external torque合外力矩isolated 隔离的valid有效；适用pin销；轴hapter 7Electric Fields of Stati onary Electric Charges（静止电荷的电场）§ 7.1 Charge （电荷）Electricity 电学magnetism 磁学accelerator力卩速器in teratomic原子间的amber琥珀magn etite磁铁矿electrification 充电magnet磁铁charge电荷qua ntized量子化的qua ntizati on 量子化prot on质子electrically charged 带电的charged body 带电体con servati on 守恒un charged不带电的§ 7.2 Coulomb' s Law （库仑定律）Coulomb' s Law库仑定律inversely proportional to 相反地separati ng 分开的permittivity介电常数hydroge n 氢opposite sig n符号相反§ 7.3 The Electric Field （电场）electric field 电场test charge检验电荷distribution 分布X-ray X-射线lightning 闪电electronic 电子的in termolecular 分子间的rub摩擦magn esia氧化镁electromag netism 电磁学plastic rod 塑料棒repel排斥attract 吸引suspe nd 悬挂neutron 中子electron 电子neutral中性的in teger 整数integral multiple 整数倍proporti onal to 正比于square平方product 乘积repulsive 排斥Coulomb con sta nt 库仑常数superpositi on prin ciple 叠加原理electric field （intensity）电场强度source charge场源电荷radio waves无线电波atmosphere大气thun dercloud 雷雨云§ 7.4 Calculation of Electric Field （电场的计算）statio naryde no mi natorelectric dipoleelectric dipole mome ntspherically symmetriccon ti nu ous charge distributi on charge eleme ntstrategy静止的分母电偶极子电偶极矩球对称电荷连续分布元电荷策略bisector平分线manipulation 处理lin ear charge den sit y 电荷线密度surface charge den sity 电荷面密度volume charge den sit y 电荷体密度ring charge带电圆环charged disk带电圆盘infinite plate of charge无限大带电平面§ 7.5 Electric Field Lines and Electric Flux （电场线和电通量）electric field lines 电场线electric flux 电通量infinity无穷远visualize形象化strength 强度penetrate穿过qualitative 定量的closed surface闭合曲面align 排列thread线intersection 相交cross交叉§ 7.6 Gauss s Law （高斯定理）Gauss s law 高斯定理arbitrary shape 任意形状gaussian surface高斯面electric flux 电通量principle 原理practice 实际§ 7.7 Application of Gauss ' s Law （高斯定理的应用）algebraic代数的rearrange重新整理charge distribution 电荷分布spherical symmetry 球对称cylindrical symmetry 柱对称plane symmetry 平面对称symmetric对称的spherical shell球壳infinite length 无限长infinite plane 无限大平面Chapter 8 Electric Pote ntial （电势）§ 8.1 Conservativity of Electrostatic Field （静电场的保守性）line integral 线积分conservative force field 保守力场closed path 闭合路径conservative 保守的circuital theorem for electrostatic field 静电场环路定理§ 8.2 Potential Differenee and Electric Potential （电势差和电势）potential differenee 电势差electric potential 电势infinity 无穷远electrostatic potential energy 静电势能volt伏特voltage电压electron volt 电子伏特battery 电池§ 8.3 Calculation of Electric Potential （电势的计算）equipotential surface等势面broken lines虚线semicircular 半圆的insulating 绝缘的infinite 无限的dashed lines虚线extend 延伸solid lines 实线finite有限的arbitrary任意的function 函数curved surface曲面§ 8.4 Electric Potential Gradient （电势梯度）gradient 梯度notation 符号potential Gradient 电势梯度maximum 最大值right angle 直角sketch 勾画§ 8.5 Electrostatic Potential Energy （静电势能）electrostatic potential energy 静电势能vicinity 附近Chapter 9 Co nductor in Electrostatic Field （静电场中的导体）§ 9.1 Con ductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium （导体的静电平衡）isolated con ductor 孤立导体electrostatic equilibrium 静电平衡equipotential body等势体radiusof curvature 曲率半径electrostatic shielding静电屏蔽neutralize 电中和sharp point discharge尖端放电lightning rod 避雷针cosmic rays 宇宙射线lightning stroke 雷击glow discharge 辉光放电ion 离子corona discharge电晕放电shrink 收缩cavity 空腔grounding 接地curved surface 曲面con duct ing wire 导线collision 碰撞thun derstorm 雷暴in duced charge 感应电荷in sert插入guara ntee 保证con tradicti on 矛盾§ 9.2 Calculatio n of Electrostatic Field with Con ductors Nearby（有导体存在时静电场的分析与计算）con duct ing slab 导电板lateral area狈寸面un charged con ductor不带电导体edge effect 边缘效应redistribute重新分配exter nal夕卜咅EChapter 10 Capacitors and Dielectrics in Electrostatic Field（电容器和静电场中的电介质）§ 10.1 Capacitance and Capacitors （电容和电容器）Leyden jar莱顿瓶flash闪光灯capacita nce 电容coaxial同轴的capacitor电容器coaxial cable同轴电缆parallel-plate capacitor 平行平板电容器concen tric 同心的cyli ndrical capacitor 圆柱形电容器parallel comb in ati on 并联spherical capacitor 球形电容器series comb in atio n 串联submultiple 因数farad法拉microfarad 微法拉picofarad 皮法拉rectify 调整inductance 自感应ignition 点火spark ing打火花metallic金属（性）的combination联合、组合equivale nt 相当的§ 10.2 Dielectrics and Electric Field （电介质与电场）dielectric 电介质relative dielectric constant 相对介电常数voltmeter伏特计insulating 绝缘的dielectric breakdow n 介质击穿dielectric stre ngth 介电强度§ 10.3 Polarization of Dielectrics （电介质的极化）polarize 极化polar molecules 极性分子polarizati on 极化non polar molecules 非极性分子in duced dipole mome nts 感应电矩perma nent electric dipole mome nts 固有电矩surface charge表面电荷align排成一线orient 取向bound charge束缚电荷homogeneous均匀的free charge自由电荷microwave 微波oven 烤箱vibrate振动tune调整resonate 共振oscillate 振荡§ 10.4 Gauss ' s Law for Electric Displacement Vector（高斯定律）electric displaceme nt 电位移dielectric con sta nt 介电常数deliberately 故意地the flux of D（r） D（r）的通量permittivity 电容率§ 10.5 En ergy Stored in a Charged Capacitor （电容器的能量）transfer 转移electrostatic potential energy 静电势能battery 电池electrostatic field en ergy 静电场能in creme nt 增量en ergy den sity 能量密度tran sformati on 转化maximum operati ng voltage 最大工作电压terminal 终端deliver 递送dissipate消散pathway 路径Chapter 11 Magnetic Force （磁力）§ 11.1 Nature of Magnetic Force（磁力的本质）magn etite磁铁矿石bar magnet条形磁铁in teract ion相互作用magn etic pole 磁极electric curre nt loops of molecules 分子环形电流§ 11.2 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Field Vector（磁场和磁感应强度）magn etic field 磁场magn etic field vector=mag netic in duct ion =mag netic flux den sity 磁感应强度magn etic force 磁场力Lore ntz force洛仑兹力B-line磁感（应）线magnetic flux 磁通量tesla（T）W（斯拉）weber韦伯§ 11.3 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field（带电粒子在磁场中的运动）cyclotron period 回旋周期magn etic focus ing 磁聚焦helix螺旋线pitch螺距magn etic lens 磁镜magn etic confin eme nt 磁约束 a magn etic bottle 磁瓶the mass spectrometer质谱仪schematic draw ing 示意图ion离子precisi on精确度prot on质子deuter on 氘核bombard 轰击cyclotr on力卩速器dees D型盒evacuate抽由成真空shield屏蔽oscillate 振动plasma等离子体nu clear fusi on 核聚变Van Alle n belts范阿仑辐射带§ 11.4 The Hall Effect（霍尔效应）the Hall voltage 霍尔电压the drift velocity 漂移速度§ 11.5 Magn etic Force on a Curre nt-carryi ng Con ductor（载流导体在磁场中受力一安培力）curre nt-carry ing con ductor/wire载流导体/导线current loop in a uniform magnetic field匀强磁场中的载流线圈lin ear eleme nt 线元curre nt eleme nt vector 电流元矢量loop环,回路magn etic mome nt of a curre nt loop载流线圈磁矩recta ngular loop 矩形回路a wire segme nt —段导线strip条；带Chapter 12 Source of Mag netic Field （磁场的源）§ 12.1 The Magnetic Field of Moving Point Charges （运动点电荷的磁场）permeability of free space真空磁导率§ 12.2 The Biot-Savart Law （毕奥-萨伐尔定律）the Biot-Savart Law毕奥-萨伐尔定律permeability of free space真空磁导率Gauss law in magn etism 磁场的高斯定律magn etic mon opoles磁单极sole noid螺线管turn 匝curre nt-carry ing wire 载流导线en circle 环绕curre nt eleme nt 电流元diverge 发散con verge 聚合magn etic pole 磁极magnet磁铁magnetic flux 磁通量§ 12.3 Ampere Circuital Theorem （安培环路定理）pen etrate 穿过bounded by以…为边界finite point 有限点line integral 线积分§ 12.4 Application of Ampere Circuital Theorem （安培环路定理的应用）curre nt-carry ing wire 载流导线circumfere nee 周长cylindrical shell 圆柱形壳toroid螺绕环inner radius 内径outer radius 夕卜径spherical con ductor 球形导体§ 12.5 Mag netic Field due to Varyi ng Electric Field （与变化的电场相联系的磁场）displaceme nt curre nt位移电流generalized Ampere ' s Law广义安培环路定理conduction curre nt 传导电流magn etic mon opole 磁单级postulate 假设total curre nt 全电流steady curre nt恒定电流§ 12.6 The Magn etic Force Betwee n Two Parallel Curre nt-carryi ngWires （平行电流间的相互作用力）antiparallel 反平行Chapter 13 Mag netic Media in Mag netic Field （磁场中的磁介质）§ 13.1 Effect on Mag netic Field Caused by Mag netic Media （磁介质对磁场的影响）magn etic medium 磁介质diamag netic medium 抗磁质paramagnetic medium顺磁质ferromag netic material 铁磁质magn etic mome nt 磁矩paramag netism 顺磁性partial alig nment 咅E分取向electro n sp in电子自旋magn etic dipole 磁偶极子ferromag netism 铁磁性diamag netism 抗磁性in duced magn etic mome nt感生磁矩perma nent magn etic mome n固有磁矩§ 13.2 Atomic Mag netic Dipole Mome nts （原子磁矩）magn etizati on 磁化atomic原子的magn etic dipole mome nt 磁矩orbital magn etic mome nt 轨道磁矩qua ntum theory 量子理论intrin sic spin an gular mome ntum 内禀自旋角动量§ 13.3 Magnetization （磁介质的磁化）magn etizati on n磁化、磁化强度magn etize .磁化atomic curre nt loopamperia n curre ntcross-sectio nal are分子环流v安培电流横截面积in duced magn etic dipole mome nts感生磁矩surface magn etizatio n curre nt/ bound curre nt 面磁化电流（面束缚电流）applied magn etic field 夕卜加磁场magn etic susceptibility 磁化率relative permeability 相对磁导率bismuth 铋Bohr magneton玻尔磁子superco nductor 超导体emf电动势§ 13.4 Ferromag netic Materials （铁磁质）iron 铁cobalt 钻nickel 镍alloy合金ferromag netism 铁磁性magn etic doma in 磁畴critical temperature 临界温度Curie temperature居里温度thermal agitati on 热扰动end effect边界效应magn etic saturati on 磁饱和reversible 可逆的magn etic hysteresis磁滞效应hysteresis loop 磁滞回线magn etizati on curve 磁化曲线initial magnetization curve 起始磁化曲线remnant magn etizatio n 剩磁coercive force 矫顽力memory记忆能力magn etize 磁化demag netize去磁，退磁tran sformer 变压器motor电动机sec ondary coil 副线圈cycle循环irreversible process 不可逆过程hard ferromag netic materials硬磁性材料soft ferromagnetic materials软磁性材料hysteresis loss磁滞损耗（铁损）Curie point 居里点permanent magne永久磁体,magn etic tape磁带，memory unit记忆元件iron cores 铁芯galva no meter 电流计rr§ 13.5 Circuital Theorem for H （H 的环路定理）magn etic inten sity 磁场强度magn etizati on curre nt 磁化电流free current自由电流isotropic各向同性的permeability 磁导率relative permeability 相对磁导率Chapter 14 Electromag netic In ducti on （电磁感应）§ 14.1 Faraday Law of Electromag netic I nduction （法拉第电磁感应定律）electromag netic in ducti on 电磁感应in ducti on curre nt 感应电流emf （electromotive force）电动势induction emf感生电动势weber韦伯Lenz Law楞次定律polarity 极性§ 14.2 Motional emf （动生电动势）motional emf动生电动势§ 14.3 Induced emf and Induced Electric Field（感生电动势和感生电场）non electrostatic force 非静电力in duced emf感生电动势induced electric field 感生电场vortex field 涡旋场eddy curre nts 涡流noncon servative field 非保守场time-varying field 时变场alter nate 变化alternative交流电的，交变的lami nated叠片（组成）的§ 14.4 Mutual In duction （互感现象）mutual induction 互感现象mutual in ducta nee 互感系数emf by mutual induction 互感电动势orie ntati on 方位§ 14.5 Self-induction （自感现象）self-induction 自感现象self- in ducta nee 自感系数in ductor 电感self-induced emf自感电动势is proportional to 正比于§ 14.6 En ergy of Mag netic Field （磁场的能量）magn etic en ergy den sity磁场能量密度en ergy due to mutual in ducti on 互感磁能Chapter 15 Maxwell ' s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves（麦克斯韦方程组组与电磁波波）§ 15-1 Maxwell ' s Equations （麦克斯韦方程组）§ 15-2 Electromagnetic Waves （电磁波）propagati on 传播in phase同相、同步tran sverse waves横波wavele ngth 波长visible spectrum 可见光谱in frared waves 红外波radiati on 辐射ultraviolet ray 紫外线Poynging vector 坡印亭矢量§ 15-3 The Wave Equation for Electromag netic Waves （电磁波的方程）wave fun cti on 波函数wave equatio n波的方程wave nu mber 波数an gular freque ncy 角频率pla ne wave平面波Chapter 16 Temperature and the Kin etic Theory of Gases （温度与气体运动论）§ 16.1 Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature （热平衡及温度）temperature 温度hot ness 热cold ness 冷thermometric property 热力学特性thermal contact 热接触the average internal molecular kin etic en ergy 分子内平均动能thermal equilibrium 热平衡electrical con ductor 导电器the zeroth law of thermod yn amics热力学第零定律temperature scale温标§ 16.2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales （摄氏温标与华氏温标）thermometer 温度计temperature scale温标the ice-po int temperature冰点温度freez ing point 冰点steam-poi nt 沸点normal boiling point 标准沸点the steam-po int temperature 气化点温度the Celsius temperature seal摄氏温标the Fahre nheit temperature seal华氏温标§ 16.3 Gas Thermometers and the Absolute Temperature Scale （气体温度计和绝对温标）calibrate校对、校准discrepa ncy 差异volume体积den sity 密度sufficiently low 足够低sulfur 硫a con sta nt-volume gas thermometer等容气体温度计triple point of water 水的三相点ideal-gas temperature scaiei 想气体温标absolute temperature seal绝对温标n itroge n 氮hydroge n 氢oxygen 氧recalibrate 再校准extrapolate外推，向外延长triple point 三相点coexist 共存helium 氦liquefy 液化in terms of 利用rigid body 刚体in sulator绝缘体Kelvin scale开尔文温标§ 16.4 The Ideal-Gas Law （理想气体定律）Boyle' s law玻意耳定律con sta nt volume 等体Boltzma nn' s con sta nt 玻耳兹曼常量mole摩尔Avogadro' s number阿伏伽德罗常量carb on ato m 碳原子uni versal gas con sta n普适气体常量ideal gas理想气体equati on of state状态方程state variable 状态参量sta ndard con diti on 标准条件subscript 下标§ 16.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases （气体分子运动论）macroscopic state variable宏观状态变量microscopic qua ntity 微观量walls of a container 容器壁tran slati on al kin etic en ergy 平动动能root mea n square （rms） speed?均根速率order of magn itude 量级pist on活塞redistribute 再分布partition 分配equipartition theorem （能）均分定理classical statistical mecha nics经典统计力学degree of freedo m 自由度mon atomic单原子的bond 键diatomic双原子的polyatomic 多原子的vibration 振动mean free path平均自由程air curre nt 气流con vecti on 对流diffuse 扩散reciprocal 倒数freque ncy 频率§ 16.6 Maxwell Speed Distribution Fun ction （麦克斯韦速率分布函数）probability 概率abscissa横坐标normalization condition 归一化条件most probable distributio n 最概然分布Chapter 17 Heat and the First Law of Thermod yn amics（热及热力学第一定律）§ 17.1 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat （热容与比热）atomist原子学家thermal en ergy 热能man ifestatio n 表现形式molecular moti on 分子运动thermal contact 热接触caloric a.热的n.热（质）internal en ergy 内能heat capacit y 热容量phase相heat con ducti on 热传导calorie卡（路里）molar mass摩尔质量Law of conservation of energy 能量守恒定律The first law of thermod yn amics 热力学第一定律be proporti onal to 和…成正比molar specific heat 摩尔比热solar heating system太阳能热系统coola nt冷却液§ 17.2 Cha nge of Phase and Late nt Heat （相变与潜热）heat capacity 热容量phase cha nge相变vaporization 汽化，蒸发fusion熔化melting 融化conden sati on 凝聚sublimation 升华carb on dioxide 二氧化碳crystalline a.结晶的、晶状的n.结晶体average tran slatio nal kin etic en ergy 平均平动动能late nt heat 潜热§ 17.3 Joule' s Experiment （焦耳实验）thermally in sulated 绝热的mecha ni cal equivale nee of hea 热功当量§ 17.4 The In ternal En ergy of an Ideal Gas （理想气体内能）in ternal en ergy 内能real gas实际气体§ 17.5 Work and the PV Diagram for a Gas （功与气体PV 图）quasi-static process准静态过程pist on活塞isobaric等压的isothermal 等温的§ 17.6 The First Law of Thermody namics （热力学第一定律）§ 17.7 Heat Capacities of Gases （气体的热容）infinitesimal 无穷小的§ 17.8 The Quasi-Static Adiabatic Process for an Ideal Gas （理想气体准静态绝热过程）compressi on 压缩Poiss on formula 泊松公式process equati ons 过程方程§ 17.9 Kinds of Thermodynamic Processes （热力学过程的种类）Chapter 18 The Sec ond Law of Thermody namics （热力学第二定律）§ 18.1 Heat En gi nes and the Seco nd Law of Thermody namics （热机与热力学第二定律）sec ond law of thermod yn amics 热力学第二定律Kelvi n stateme nt开尔文表述Clausius stateme nt克劳修斯表述heat engin e 热机worki ng substa nee 工质steam engine蒸汽机intern al-combusti on engine 内燃机heat reservoir 热库vaporize 汽化conden ser冷凝器exhaust valve 排气阀combusti on chamber 燃烧室in take stroke进气冲程ignite点燃spark plug火花塞power stroke做功冲程Otto cycle奥拓循环efficie ncy of a heat engine 热机的效率§ 18.2 Refrigerators and the Second Law of Thermod yn amics （制冷机与热力学第二定律）§ 18.3 Equivale nee of the Heat-E ngine and Refrigerator Stateme nts （开尔文表述与克劳修斯表述的等价性）§ 18.4 The Carnot En gi ne and Carnot Cycle （卡诺热机与卡诺循环）refrigeration cycle 制冷循环efficiency of positive cycle 正循环的效率Carnot cycle卡诺循环Carnot engine 卡诺热机expa nsion 膨胀compressi on 压缩schematic diagram原理图、示意图friction 摩擦reversible 可逆的Carnot efficie ncy 卡诺效率irreversible不可逆的dissipative force 耗散力non equilibrium state 非平衡态viscous force 粘滞力§ 18.5 Degradation of Energy （能量的损失）§ 18.6 Irreversibility and Disorder （不可逆性与无序性）microscopic state 微观状态macroscopic state宏观状态disorder无序性random moti on无规贝U运动§ 18.7 Entropy （熵）Boltzma nn en tropy 玻耳兹曼熵prin ciple of en tropy in crease 熵增加原理additivity of entropy 熵的可加性statistical meaning 统计意义reversible process 可逆过程infinitesimal 无穷小的function of state 状态函数§ 18.8 En tropy and Probability （熵与概率）microscopic state 微观态macroscopic state宏观态spontan eously自发地evacuated真空的Chapter 19 Oscillatory Motio n （振动）§ 19.1 Descripti on of Simple Harm on ic Motio（简谐运动的描述）noscillation/ vibration 振动oscillatory motion 振动simple harm onic moti on （SHM）简谐运动Spring弹簧equilibrium position 平衡位置period周期freque ncy 频率hertz（Hz）赫兹reciprocal 倒数amplitude 振幅phase相、位相、周相phase an gle /（phase con sta nt初相、初位相in teger times 整数倍a variety of 很多displaceme nt 位移velocity 速度accelerati on 加速度substitute 替换（代）disturb 扰动trigo no metric三角法的，据三角法的kin ematics 运动学compe nsate补偿§ 19.2 Phasor and Phase （旋转矢量与振动的相）circular motion 圆周运动initial position 初始位置an gular displaceme nt 角位移an gular speed 角速度in phase同相an tiphase /180 out of phase 反相comp onent 分量projection 投影§ 19.3 Dy namic Equation for Simple Harmo nic Motion （简谐运动的动力学方程）force con sta nt of a spri ng 倔强系数restori ng force 恢复力harm onic oscillator 谐振子in phase同相derivative/differe ntiate 微商，导数substitute替换、替代damp ing减幅，衰减susta in 维持compe nsat侨卜偿，修正stiffness坚硬，硬度pitch定调n egative/m inus 负，减dyn amics动力学§ 19.4 Examples of Simple Harmo nic Motion （简谐运动的实例）simple pen dulum 单摆physical pen dulum 物理摆/ 复摆pen dulum bob 摆锤pivot转动的轴mome nt of in ertia 转动惯量comp onent 分量torque扭矩，转矩§ 19.5 En ergy in Simple Harmo nic Motion （简谐运动的能量）§ 19.6 Combi natio n of Simple Harmo nic Motion （简谐运动的合成）comb in ati on 合成comp onent 分量periodically周期性地trian gle relati on 三角关系beat 拍beat freque ncy 拍频§ 19.7 Damped Oscillations, Driven Oscillations and Resonance （阻尼振动受迫振动共振）damped oscillatio ns 阻尼振动overdamp ing 过阻尼overdamped过阻尼的un derdamped欠阻尼的critical damping 临界阻尼non oscillatory不摆动的，不波动的molasses 糖蜜critically damped 临界阻尼的driven oscillations 受迫振动resonan ce共振natural an gular freque ncy 固有角频率n atural period 固有周期Chapter 20 Waves （波动）§ 20.1 Traveling Waves （行波）disturba nee 扰动propagate v传播propagati on n 传播medium媒质、媒介mecha ni cal waves机械波reflect 反射refract 折射in terfere 干涉diffract 衍射wave speed 波速§ 20.2 Simple Harmonic Waves （简谐波）traveli ng waveswave pulseeleme nttran sverse wavesl on gitud inal wavescompressrarefysinu soidal profilewaveform行波波脉冲（媒质的）质元横波纵波压缩使稀薄正弦形状波形§ 20.3 Wave Equation and Wave Speed （波方程和波速）periodic waves 周期波sinu soidal wave train 正弦波列wavele ngth 波长（wave） crest 波峰（wave） trough 波谷phase differe nee相差phase con sta n初相phase speec h 目速度wave form curve 波形曲线si ne function正弦函数period周期wave nu mber 波数§ 20.4 Energy of Waves （波的能量）partial derivative 偏导数square root 平方根lin ear wave equatio n 波动方程elastic rod 弹性棒liner mass den sit y 线密度Young modulus 杨氏模量。