field of management. • Discuss how today’s managers use the behavioral
approach.
oThe Systems Approach
• Describe an organization using the systems approach. • Discuss how the systems approach is appropriate for
• Discuss how today’s managers use the quantitative approach.
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2–3
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
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2–2
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Development of Major Management Theories
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Exhibit 2.1
2–9
Major Approaches to Management
• Scientific Management 科学管理 • General Administrative Theory 行政管理 • Quantitative Management 质量管理 • Organizational Behavior 组织行为 • Systems Approach 系统理论 • Contingency Approach 权变理论
2–14
Scientific Management (cont’d)
2–11
Taylor’s Five Principles of Management
1. Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method.
2. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.
3. Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed.
它是一座几乎实心的巨石体，成群结队的人将这些大石块沿 着地面斜坡往上拖运，然后在金字塔周围以一种脚手架的方式 层层堆砌。100，000 人共用了 20 年的时间才完成的人类奇 迹。
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2–8
oThe Contingency Approach
• Explain how the contingency approach differs from the early theories of management.
• Discuss how the contingency approach is appropriate for studying management.
oCurrent Issues and Trends
• Explain why we need to look at the current trends and issues facing managers.
• Describe the current trends and issues facing managers.
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Exhibit 2.2
2–12
泰罗制
•
泰罗科学管理的特点是从每一个工人抓起，从每一件
工具、每一道工序抓起，在科学实验的基础上，设计出最
佳的工位设置、最合理的劳动定额、标准化的操作方法、
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
•Toward Understanding Organizational Behavior
• Describe the contributions of the early advocates of OB. • Explain the contributions of the Hawthorne Studies to the
➢ Substituted machine power for human labor ➢ Created large organizations in need of management
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2–5
Historical Background of Management
• Ancient Management
➢ Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall) ➢ Venetians (floating warship assembly lines)
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2–10
Scientific Management
• Fredrick Winslow Taylor
➢ The “father” of scientific management
➢ Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911)
understanding management.
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2–4
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
余的工人，每个工人都像机器一样一刻不停地工作。
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2–
Q and A 2.2
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❖ The theory of scientific management
– Using scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be done:
• Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment.将正确的人员安排在适当的工作上，采用正确的工 具和设备
2–6
Q and A 2.1
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2–7
•
胡夫金字塔，也称大金字塔，建于公元前 2560 年，塔高 146.5米，因年久风化，顶端剥落10米，现高136.5米。塔身是 用230万块石料堆砌而成，大小不等的石料重达1.5吨至160吨， 塔的总重量约为684万吨，它的规模是埃及迄今发现的108座 金字塔中最大的。
• Explain how today’s managers use general administrative theory.
oQuantitative Approach to Management
• Explain what the quantitative approach has contributed to the field of management.
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
o Historical Background of Management
• Explain why studying management history is important. • Describe some early evidences of management practice.
oGeneral Administrative Theorists
• Discuss Fayol’s 14 management principles.
• Describe Max Weber’s contribution to the general administrative theory of management.
• Having a standardized method of doing the job. 按标准化的方 法严格操作