1.奈达认为翻译的四个基本步骤包括
1.analysis of the source text
2.transfer from source to target language
3.restructuring in the target language
4.testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intended
audience.
而Gorge Steiner 提出了他著名的论断understanding as translation，认为在翻译过程中，包括四个步骤trust、aggression、incorporation和restitution。

2．张培基——翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。

3．翻译的标准概括为言简意赅的四个字：“忠实（faithfulness）、通顺（smoothness）”。

忠实指的是忠实于原文。

通顺指的是译文的语言必须合乎规范、通俗易懂。

4. 严复对翻译曾经提出“信（faithfulness）、达（expressiveness）、雅（elegance）”的标准：“译事三难：信、达、雅。

求其信已大难矣，顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。

”
5．The Book of Change says: faithfulness is the first important thing in wording.
Confucius states that what speech requires is only expressiveness. Again he says that language without literary grace cannot go far and wide. All these three requirements are requirements as mentioned above are indispensable both to writing and to translating.
Thus elegance must be achieved in addition to faithfulness and expressiveness so that the translation may go far and wide. (By Liu Zhongde, 1991).
6．到目前为止，翻译分为三种：笔译（written translation）, 口译oral translation (or interpretation) 和机器翻译（machine translation）
7．动态对等（Dynamic equivalence）：The relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message.
8．关于信与顺，鲁迅曾经说过，宁信而不顺“Rather be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language).
9．从译出语（source language）和译入语（target/receptor language）角度来看，翻译可分为本族语译为外族语，外语译为本族语两大类。

10．泰特勒（Tytler,1748-1814）的翻译理论和思想主要见于《论翻译的原则》一书。

该书是西方翻译理论的第一部专著，在书中，泰特勒提出了著名的翻译三原则：1、译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容(That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.)；2、译文的风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同(That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.)；3、译文影响原文一样流畅(That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.)。