第7讲连词（一）连词1. 定义：起连接作用，连接名词，形容词，短语，或句子的词叫连词，2. 常用连词有：and, but, so .or ,for, when，if，because等。

（二）and用法；1. 前后连接两个以上的相似结构。

（1）两个并列的动词：We were singing and dancing all evening.整个晚上我们都在唱歌跳舞。

（2). 名词、形容词等：This apple is big and red.这个苹果又大又红。

(3). 两个并列的分句（句子）：I said it and I meant it.我说话算数。

2. and 可连接两个分句，表示递进关系。

Give him an inch and he will take a mile.他会得寸进尺。

3.句型：祈使句+and（句子用一般将来时）Buy your mother an unexpected gift,and she will be very happy.给你妈妈买一个意想不到的礼物，她会非常开心的。

Use your head , and you will have an idea.动动脑筋，你就会有主意了。

（三）or的用法1. 连接两个以上的相似结构“或者”“还是”（1）动词：He will have dinner with his grandparents or stay at home.他或者是去陪祖父母吃饭，或者是呆在家里。

(2)名词He often has eggs or hamburgers for breakfast.他早饭或者是吃汉堡，或者是吃鸡蛋。

（3）形容词Is his new car blue or red?他的新车时红色的还是蓝色的？2. 连接两个句子“否则”“不然”句型：祈使句+or（句子用一般将来时）Study hard when you are at school ,or you will have a difficult future.上学的时候好好学，不然你的将来会很困难。

. Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.快点，否则你会赶不上汽车的。

3. Or与and（1）连接相似结构时，and不能用于否定，而要用or来代替。

I like singing and dancing.我喜欢唱歌也喜欢跳舞。

I don’t like singing or dancing.我不喜欢唱歌也不喜欢跳舞。

（2）连接句子时，and表示前后两句话是顺承的关系，而or表示前后是转折关系。

Study hard and you will study well.努力学，你就会学好。

Study hard or you will study bad.努力学，否则你就学不好。

(四)but用法1.常用于连接两个句子，表示转折。

“但是”，“却”的意思。

不能与though /although连用，只可单独使用。

It is raining outside, but he still keep running.外面下着雨，但是他还坚持跑步。

This movie is very famous but I don’t like it.这部电影很有名气但是我不喜欢。

2. but也可以用于连接两个同类性质的词This dress is very beautiful but expensive.这件裙子很漂亮但是很贵。

3. Not...but....不是.....而是.....This coat is not hers but mine.这件大衣不是她的，而是我的。

Tom is not reading but playing in his room.Tom 不是在读书而是在房间里玩呢。

（五）for的用法for可以表示"因为"，但引导的不是从句，而是并列分句，对前面情况加以解释，常用逗号把它和前面的分句分开，这在书面语中比较多见。

The days were short, for it was now December.白天很短，因为现在已经是十二月。

She must have gone out early, for she had not come for breakfast.她肯定一早出去了，因为她没来吃早饭。

I soon went to sleep ,for（because）I was tired.我很快就睡着了，因为我累了。

（六）so表示结果，可译为"因此"、"所以"。

(不能和because 连用）Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi.我们的箱子很重，因此我们坐了出租车It began to rain , so I had to stay here.开始下雨了，所以我只好留在这里。

（七）Because的用法1. Because 后加原因，不与so连用，可以回答why的提问。

---why didn’t you come to school yesterday ?---because I had to look after my sister.你昨天为什么没来学校？因为我得要照看我的妹妹。

I was late for work ,because the traffic was too heavy this morning.我今天上班迟到了，因为太堵了。

2. Because 与because of，Because 后加句子，而because of 后加名词Because the weather is bad ,we must stay at home.Because of the bad weather ,we must stay at home.因为天气不好，我们得呆在家里。

（八）if 的用法1. 表示假设的一种条件，“如果”“假如”，在这种条件下，会有什么样的结果。

What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?如果明天下雪，我们要做什么呢？If he comes tomorrow, I will tell him this news.如果明天他来了，我会告诉他这个消息的。

2. 在if的句子中，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。

（主将从现）I’ ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow.如果我明天有空闲的话，我会帮你学英语的。

（九）when的用法1. 表示一件事情发生的时候，另外一件事情也在发生。

“当........的时候”It was raining hard（rain hard 下大雨）when got to school yesterday.当我昨天去上学的时候，雨下的特别大。

（下雨和去学校两个动作是同时的）When my mother was sleeping ,I was reading in my own room .妈妈在睡觉的时候，我在房间里看书。

（十）before与after1. Before “在......之前”；after”在.......之后，后面加一个时间点My father get home before six o’ clock every evening.爸爸每天六点前就到家了。

He went to bed after twelve o ‘ clock last night.他昨天晚上12点后睡的觉。

2. 后面加句子，表明在做完一件事情之前或之后做了另一件事情。

He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.他来中国之前学过一点汉语。

After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.他中学毕业后，去了一家工厂工作。

1、了解连词，掌握连词的作用2、能用基本的连词写出并列句1.---I like riding fast. It’s very exciting.---Oh! You mustn’t’t do it like that, ________ it may have an accident.A. andB. orC. soD. but答案：B解析：该题考查的是并列连词的用法。

答语的意思是“你不要那样做，否则会发生事故的。

”在这四个并列连词中，只有or含有这样的意思，所以应选B。

2. John fell asleep ________ he was listening to the music.A. afterB. beforeC. whenD. because答案：C解析：该题考查的是引导时间状语从句的常用从属连词的用法。

本句的含义是“约翰在听音乐的时候睡着了。

”表示在干某事时发生了某个事情”通常用when。

因此应选C。

3. —How can I wake up so early?—Set the alarm at 5 o’clock, ________ you’ll make it.A. butB. orC. andD. so答案：C.解析: 考查“祈使句+and+陈述句”句型，意为“如果…就…”。

虽然or也可用于此句型，但or是“否则、要不然”之意，如：Work hard, or you’ll fail. (努力学习，否则就会不及格。

)4. ________ I walked for six hours, I was tired out.A. AfterB. BeforeC. WhenD. if答案：A。

解析; 本题考查以after引导的时间状语从句，意为“在…之后”。

句意为“步行了六小时后，我累坏了”。

5. The roof fell ________ he had time to dash into the house to save his baby.A. asB. afterC. untilD. before答案：D解析: 本题考查before引导的时间状语从句，意为“在……之前”。

句意为“他来不及冲进去救他的孩子，屋顶就塌了”。

6.. Don’t drink too much tea in the evening, ____ you won’t fall asleep.A. AndB. soC. OrD. but答案; C解析;此题考查连词or的用法，表示或者。

晚上不要喝太多的茶，否则你会睡不着的。

A档( )1. He can speak English_______ Chinese.A. butB. alsoC. soD. and( )2. Physics is not so easy, _______I like it very much.A. butB. orC. since D . Because( )3. Will Tom wait for her at home ______ at the libraryA. orB. asC. so thatD. both( )4. She has a son _______ a daughter.A. ButB. andC. soD. or( )5. I'll give her the gift ______ she arrives.A. soB. beforeC. whenD. since( )6. ______we got home it was very late.A. WhenB. WhileC. BecauseD. ifB档( )1. You should finish your lessons _______ you go out to play.A. beforeB. afterC. whenD. while( )2. We were swimming in the lake ____suddenly the storm started .A. whenB. while C until D . before( )3.He took off his coat _______ he felt hot.A. becauseB. asC. ifD. since( )4. I was late for class yesterday _______ there was something wrong with my bike.A. whenB. thatC. untilD. because( )5. We will stay at home if my aunt ________ to visit us tomorrow.A. comesB. comeC. will comeD. is coming( )6. ---Do you know if he _______ to play basket ball with us?---I think he will come if he ______ free tomorrow.A. comes; isB. comes; will beC. will come; isD. will come; will beC档阅读理解（1）“The history of York(约克) is the history of England.”King George VI(乔治六世) said. York was first built in A.D. 71, and it has a rich and long history of more than 1, 900 years. Its history makes it one of the most popular cities for visitors in England. People can hear a lot about England’s history and they can see it and walk in it. Thousands of people from different countries take a walk through 1, 900 years of history on York’s city walls. “York is a great city with many special buildings, old city walls and a famous university(大学)—York University. Besides(此外), it has interesting shops and many fine restaurants. It’s both old and modern. I really love it.”said Jack Smith, a visitor from the U.S.A.It’s really easy to come to York. York is between London and Edinburgh(爱丁堡), the capital of Scotland(苏格兰). You can take a train from London to York. If you have enough time, you can also take a bus from London to go through Cambridge(剑桥) to York. Come and find out more about York’s history!( ) 1. How many years of history does York have?A. Less than 1, 900 years.B. Only 71 years.C. Less than 71 years.D. Over 1, 900 years.( ) 2. Where is York? It’s .A.in CambridgeB.in ScotlandC.in EnglandD.in the U.S.A.( ) 3. What did Jack Smith think of York?A. Very boring.B. Very interesting.C. There is nothing to see.D. A little scary.( ) 4. What does the sentence underlined(下画线) mean?A. You can learn nothing about the history of England in York.B. Both York and England have short history.C. You can learn much about the history of England in York.D. York is the only place in England.( ) 5. From the passage, we know that is the right map.(2)(2)We often hear a lot of people drink wine (酒) .Do you hear of the ox (牛) can drink wine? The farmer is offering (提供) the ox some wine. Is it very strange? It is said that it can not do farm work without drinking wine.We saw the big yellow ox on a farm at last. The villagers told us that the ox was about 500 jin weight. “We can’t find out another ox like it in our hometown,”and old farmer said. The partner of the ox is Mr. Liu who comes from Guizhou. Mr. Liu comes here to make money. He told us he had worked with the ox on this farm for five years. The farm is very big, and the boss(老板) bought this ox from Taiwan. All the farm work was done by the ox, but now it can do some of them. “We must give the ox some wine to drink or he can’t work.”Mr. Liu said and took out a bottle of wine. When the ox saw the wine, he became very excited. A few minutes later, he drank up all the wine in the bottle. But the ox looked at the empty bottle and it seemed that it was not enough.“I like drinking the wine,”Mr. Liu told us, “and I can drink two bottles.”We found the wine for the ox was better than that for Mr. Liu. “Why do you drink such bad wine?”we asked. Mr. Liu laughed, “I must pay for it myself if I want to drink. But the ox drinks wine from the boss. One day, one bottle. The boss must buy some boxes of wine for the ox to work for him. ”( )6. The ox can not work without ________ according to this passage.A. drinking waterB. eating grassesC. having restD. drinking wine( )7. The ox’s partner _______ from Guizhou and worked on a farm with the ox.A. cameB. learnedC. heardD. got( )8.Mr. Liu came to the big farm to ________ .A. take care of the oxB. help the ownerC. make moneyD. do the housework( )9. When the ox saw the wine in Mr. Liu’s hand, it became very ________.A. angryB. excitedC. sadD. worried( )10. Mr. Liu’s wine is ________ than that of the ox.A. betterB. worseC. lessD. more( )1.He didn’t’t come to school yesterday ,____he was ill.A. ifB. becauseC. whenD. before( )2. I have to finish the work now ____ I will fall behind others.A. andB. orC. butD. so( )3. D o you prefer apples ____ grapes?A. toB. thanC. OrD. so( )4. I met Miss Green ____ I was walking across the bridge, but I did not say hello to him.A. beforeB. afterC. untilD. when( )5. I can not afford to buy a CD player ____ it is too expensive.A. afterB. thoughC. becauseD.until( )6. I would like to play football with you ____ I have got a meeting now.A. andB. orC. butD. so( )7. You should make a plan ____ you do anything important.A. beforeB. afterC. thoughD. until( )8. Forests help to keep water from running away, ____ drought does not often happen.A. andB. butC. soD. though( )9. We all like Han Mei ____ she is kind and helpful.A. soB. andC. becauseD. but( )10. ______we got home it was very late.A. WhenB. WhileC. BecauseD. As( )11. It was so late, ____ the farmers went on working in the field.A. andB. orC. soD. but( )12. The little boy is only six years old, ____ he can make model wonderful cars.A. butB. soC. orD. and( )13. Shirley has passed the exam ____ she is busy with her hard work.A. becauseB. whenC. sinceD. though( )14. Linda was just going out shopping ____ the telephone rang.A. whileB. whenC. afterD. because( )15. I bought a present for my friend, ____ she did not like it at all.A. AndB. but C . so D. or一．连词练习( )1. Hurry up! ____ you will be late for the film.A. AndB. ButC. OrD. Because( )2. The doctors tried their best to save the patient’s life ____ failed.A. orB. soC. butD. because( )3. Study hard _____ you are sure to have a good result.A. orB. andC. forD. but( )4. Sam was reading a newspaper ____ his brother fell on the ground.A. whenB. whetherC. as soon asD. but( )5. Jack is only four years old, ____ he can draw beautiful pictures.A. butB. soC. orD. since二．阅读理解（1）In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business. But he was not a good artist. So he invented a very simple camera(照相机). He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his garden. That was the first photo.The next important date in the history of photography (摄影术) was in 1837. Thatyear ,Daguerre, another Frenchman, took a picture of his reading room .He used a new kind of camera in a different way. In his picture you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest thing. This kind of photo was called a Daguerreotype.Soon, other people began to use Daguerre’s way. Travelers brought back wonderful photos from all around the world. People took picture of famous buildings, cities and mountains. In 1840, photography was developed. Then photographers could take picture of people and moving things.That was not simple. The photographers had to carry a lot of film and other machines. But this did not stop them, for example, some in the United States worked so hard.Mathew Brady was a famous American photographers. He took many picture of great people. The picture were unusual because they were very lifelike(栩栩如生的).Photographers also became one kind of art by the end of the 19th century. Some photos were nor just copies of the real world. They showed feelings, like other kinds of art.（）6.The first photo taken by Niepce was a picture of ____________A.his businessB. his houseC. his gardenD. his window( )7.The Daguerre type was____________.A. a FrenchmanB. a kind of pictureC. a kind of cameraD. a photographer( )8.If a photographer wanted to take pictures of moving things in the year of 1840j, he had to__________.A. watch lots of filmsB. buy an expensive cameraC. stop in most citiesD. take many films and something else with him.( ) 9. Mathew Brady______________.A.was very lifelikeB. was famous for his unusual picturesC. was quite strongD. took many pictures of moving people( )10.This passage tells us_____________.A. how photography was developedB. how to show your ideas and feelings in picturesC. how to take pictures in the worldD. how to use different cameras（2）A lady who never gave upShe was a poor girl who worked to get money to pay for her lessons. She became the famous woman scientist of her time. That’s the story of Marie Curie’s life. She didn’t’t mind working and she didn’t’t care about the honors(荣誉) that were given to her in later years.Marie was born in 1867. Her name was Marie Sklosovska then. She live in Poland. Her father was a teacher. Everyone soon saw that Marie had a quick mind.Marie’s mother died when her youngest daughter was only ten. From then on, Marie knew that she would have to work hard at her lessons if she wanted to be successful(成功的) in her life. She studied very hard and was one of the best students at her school.Marie and her older sister, Bronya, wanted to study in France at the Sorbonne. But their father didn’t’t have enough money to send them there. It was Marie who had an idea: she would teach at home and send her money to Bronya. After her sister finished studying in Paris, she would get work and send Marie the money to study there herself. So Marie worked very hard for six years to pay for her sister’s studies. At last it was Marie’s turn but when she got to France, her sister was married and could not give her much help.Again Marie worked. She studied in a small room without heat or light. She lived on bread and tea most of the time. But all she thought of was her maths and science. This was her world.After four years’hard work, Marie and her husband found something which was called radium(镭). They were given the Nobel Prize(诺贝尔奖) for their great discovery(发现). But they were too ill to go Stockholm themselves to receive it.Marie always said that it was because if her children that she want her work. And she discovered a hidden power and gave it to the world. It was the same power, however, that killed Marie in 1934.( )11. Marie Sklodovska was born in _______.A. FranceB. PolandC. Stockholm( )12. Marie did not go to Paris with her sister because ______.A. she did not want toB. she always thought of her maths and science first.C. She had to earn money to pay for her sister’s study.( )13.She received her higher education (教育) at _____.A. PolandB. StockholmC. the Stockholm( )14.In Paris Marie had to live on bread and tea because_______.A. she had no timeB. she had to support her sisterC. her sister could not give her much help( )15. The greatness(伟大) of Marie’s life in the fact that_______.A. she received two Nobel PrizesB. she was the first woman to work at the SorbonneC. she worked hard without taking care of the fame and honors she received课程顾问签字： 教学主管签字：。