International Trade 国际贸易
Who gains and who loses from free trade
among countries? 在国际自由贸易中谁
获利谁亏损？
International Trade 国际贸易
What are the arguments that people use to advocate trade restrictions?
World Price and Comparative Advantage
The effects of free trade can be shown by comparing the domestic price of a good without trade and the world price of the good. The world price refers to the prevailing price in the world markets.
人们用来支持贸易限制 的各种观点是什么？
Equilibrium Without Trade
Assume:
A country is isolated from rest of the world and produces steel.
The market for steel consists of the buyers and sellers in the country.
Price of Steel
Consumer surplus Equilibrium Price Producer surplus
0
Equilibrium
quantity
Domestic supply
Domestic demand
Quantity of Steel
没有国际贸易时的均衡
钢铁的 价格
消费者剩余 均衡价格
International Trade in an Exporting Country
Price of Steel
Domestic supply
Price after trade
Price before trade
0
World price
Exports
Domestic demand
Domestic quantity demanded
生产者剩余
0均衡数量国内供给 Nhomakorabea国内需求
钢铁数量
Equilibrium Without Trade
Results:
Domestic price adjusts to balance demand and supply.
The sum of consumer and producer surplus measures the total benefits that buyers and sellers receive.
如果一个国家在某种物品生产方面有比较优 势，那么国内价格将比世界价格低，这个国 家就会是该物品的出口国。
World Price and Comparative Advantage 世界价格与比较优势
If the country does not have a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be higher than the world price, and the country will be an importer of the good. 如果一个国家在某种物品生产方面没有比 较优势，那么国内价格将比世界价格高， 这个国家就会是该物品的进口国。
A country will either be an exporter or an importer of the good.
世界价格与比较优势
自由贸易的效果可以从没有贸易时国内 物品价格与世界市场价格相比较中得到 说明。 世界价格——一种物品在世界市场上所 流行的价格。
一个国家既可能是某种物品的出口国，也 有可能是进口国。
Application: International Trade
应用：国际贸易
Chapter 9
International Trade 国际贸易
What determines whether a country imports or exports a
good? 什么决定一个国家是否 进口或出口一种物品?
No one in the country is allowed to import or export steel.
没有贸易时的均衡
假设:
一个生产钢铁的国家孤立于其他国家 钢铁市场由这个国家的买者和卖者组成 这个国家的如何人都不允许进口或出口
钢铁
Equilibrium Without International Trade
World Price and Comparative Advantage 世界价格与比较优势
If a country has a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be below the world price, and the country will be an exporter of the good.
Domestic quantity supplied
Quantity of Steel
出口国的国际贸易
钢铁价格
国内供给
贸易后的价格 贸易前的价格
世界 价格
出口
没有贸易时的均衡
结果:
国内价格调整使国内卖者的供給 量与国内买者的需求量平衡。
消费者剩余和生产者剩余的总和 来衡量买者和卖者从钢铁市场上 得到的总利益。
World Price and Comparative Advantage 世界价格与比较优势
If the country decides to engage in international trade, will it be an importer or exporter of steel? 如果这个国家决定参与国际贸易， 它将是钢铁进口国还是出口国？