Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by combining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blends. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending:Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words.Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as lettersEEC: European Economic CommunityAcronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export CountriesAccording to Leonard Bloomfield’s point of view, a word is a minimum free form, that is to say, the smallest form that may appear in isolation.There are two types of linguistic forms: one is the bound form, the other is the free form.A bound form is one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word, e.g. the various affixes: de-, -tion, -ize, etc.A free form is one which can occur as a separate word. For example, the word lovely contains the free form love and the suffix –ly.The suffix –ly in the word lovely, of course, i s not a free for m, because it cannot stand by itself. So we call it a bound form.A word is a minimum free formThe morpheme can be considered as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.1)Morphemes are commonly classified into two forms according to their character: one is free form, and the other is bound form.2)Free morphemes自由词素are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word.3)Bound morphemes粘着词素are morphemes which cannot stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word.4)2) Morphemes may be classified into two categories according to their lexical and grammatical relationships:5)lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemesLexical morphemes are morphemes used for the construction of new words as in compound words Grammatical morphemes are morphemes used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context, such as plurality or past tenseThere are three types of words according to morphology:Simple words,Compound words,Complex wordsConversionConversion is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different wordclass with no change of form. For example, the verb release is converted to the noun release.There are two kinds of conversion: full conversion and partial conversion.Full conversion is conversion as already discussed above.Partial conversion is conversion, where a word of one word class appears in a function which is characteristic of another word classThe types of conversion contain three major word classes: nouns, verbs and adjectives. Conversion from noun to verb and from verb to noun are the most productive categories.Conversion can be classified into four categories according to word classes. Affixation falls into two categories: prefixation and suffixation a nd the differences between them are just the differences between prefixes and suffixes.The major prefixes can be classified into 10 categories by their meaning.Negative Prefixes否定前缀Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀Locative prefixes方位前缀Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀Number prefixes数字前缀Conversion prefixes转化前缀Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings. Etymology provides background information and knowledge about the history, origin and development of the English language and increases the learner’s enjoyment and real understanding of English words from their changes of forms including their spellings and pronunciations to that of meaningsstem: the part of a word that stays the same when different endings are added to it, for example 'driv-' in 'driving‘Infix: a formative element inserted in a wordaffix: prefix and suffixprefix: a group of letters that you add to the beginning of a word to make another word. In the word 'unimportant', 'un-' is a prefix.Prefixes with opposite or negative meanings: dis; -il; -im; -in; -ir; -un-multi-many; semi-half; anti-against; pro-in favour of; ex-former; post-after; over-too much; under-not enoughLanguage is a system of symbols based on physiology, psychology and physics. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a societyLinguistics is the study of human speech including the units, nature, structure, and modification [change] of language.Linguistics consists of three braches: phonetics, grammar and lexicology Lexicology deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaningand application.Lexicology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language.A synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one point of time:For example:Shift: each of two or more periods in which different groups of workers do the same jobs in relay. A group of people who work in this way.A diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a language that took place over a period of time.Black market 黑市White market 白市Gray market 灰市word is a minimal free form of language which has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.Four points:(1)A minimal free form of a language;(2)A sound unity;(3)A unity of meaning;(4)A form that can function alone in a sentence.\There is no logical or intrinsic connection between a sound and what it refers to. T he relation between sound and meanin g is almost always arbitrary or conventional. The same language can use the same sound to mean different things and the different languages use different sounds to refer to the same thing.All the words in a language are termed as vocabulary. However, vocabulary can also be used to refer to all the words in a book, or in a particular historical period of time, or in a dialet, or in a particular discipline, or even to all the words that a person possesses.1)Denizens: the early borrowed words which have been assimilated and conformed to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2)Aliens: the borrowed words which have retained the foreign way of pronunciation or spelling and have not been assimilated into the English language.3)Translation-loans: the words and expressions which are formed from the existing English materials, but modelled on the patterns of another language.(4)Semantic loans: Words which have not been borrowed with reference to the form, but to the meanings.Words with a commendatory meaning may become ones with a derogatory sense. This is called degradation of meaning or deterioration.What is ‘word meaning’?Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between name and meaning. 意义是名称与意思的联系。