Modern English.About 85% of OE words notch teachers, buzz( telephone call)(5)
are no longer in use.②Middle English technical
words（psychoanalysis,
(1100-1500)ME is characterized by the interlanguage, discovery, assault and
泼 ，带有浓厚的口语色彩(4) -ism(5) -wise: (in terms of, so far as... is concerned)在......方面，就......来说 2.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shift into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero –derivation. Types of conversion 1. ① N to V conversion A. to put in/on N 把 ....... 放 入.......使.......处于....... B. to give N, to provide with N 给予，提 供 C. to deprive of N 去掉 D. to ......with N 用......来做 E. to be/act as N with respect to 像 ...... 那 样 F. to make/change... into N 使......成为......， 把.......改变为......G. to send/go by N H.
writing, especially in books written in a from foreign sources, especially from
1
书山有 路
Greek and Latin. 2) affixes A. inflectional affixes: plurality, tense, comparative or superlative degree. B. derivational affixes (prefixes and suffixes)
as a complete utterance. It must appear
features of basic word stock:1.National with at least one other morpheme. 2.
character2.Stability3.Word-forming
roots and affixes 1) roots: A root is the
书山有路
第一章： A word can be defined as a more elevated style, in official
fundamental unit of speech and a documents, or in formal speeches .A. of
minimum free form; with a unity
ability4.Ability to form collocations. 2.By basic unchangeable part of a word, and
level of usage(1) Common words: it conveys the main lexical meaning of
strong influence of French following the coversation）3. By notionFunction words:
Norman Conquest in 1066.（law and determiners, conjunctions, prepositions,
指整个民族 C.表示抽象概念，指具有某 种特点的东西 D.最高级形容词转化为 名词，其中一些词用在固定词组或英语
习语词组中Leabharlann E. 过去分词构成的形容 词转化为名词。这类词前面加定冠词，
不 指 一 般 人 ， 而 指 特 定 的 人 。 (2)
Complete conversion 3. N to A. 英语中的名词可以直接用作 定语修饰另一个名词，既不需要加形容
mousemat, Dream Team, information highway, etc.) （ 3) adv+n （ aftereffect, overburden ） (4) gerund+n（ chewing gum, reading lamp）
2
书山有路
(5）present participle+n（ruling class,
stylistically neutral, appropriate in both the word. A. free roots：In English, many
formal and informal writing and roots are free morphemes. B. bound
speech(2)Literary words:chiefly used in roots：Quite a number of roots derived
chracterized by the frequent use of (3) colloquial words ： mainly used in
compounds. Some OE compounds spoken English, or in informal writing. (4)
involving alliteration have survived in slang words （ kick the bucket, top-
第 三 章 ： 1. Derivation(1)prefixes ： Prefixes can be classified into the following categories by their meaning.A. 表“方式”的前缀（mis.co.mal）B. 表 “态度”的前缀(anti.counter.pro.re) C. 表“程度”的前缀(super.under.over) D. 表“时间”的前缀(pre.post.ex.pre) E. 表 “地点”的前缀 (inter.trans.super.over.sub) F. 表“否定” 的前缀(un.in) G. 表“大小”的前缀 (mini.maxi) (2)suffixes(1) -ee:加于动词 后，表示受事者或施事者(2) -eer: 由其 构成的名词有时含有贬义，表达作者或 说话人对某人的蔑视态度(3）-er: 由其 构成的新词在现代英语中显得生动活
languages（maotai, sputnik）
and bound morphemes ： A free
classification of English words according morpheme is one that can be uttered
to different criteria 1. By origin ：native alone with meaning. It can exist on its
The development of English Vocabulary.
proses. B.poetical words（the deep (the
① Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is sea), slumber (sleep) maiden( girl), etc.）
to spend the period of time denoted by N②Adj to ually this type of verb
means "to make/become...adj.”Some
adjectives can only be converted into transitive verbs. ③adv. to V（to up. To down）④conjunction to V（to but） 2. ①V to N 这一类词常与动词 have, take, give, make 等词搭配使用形成一 个短语 2)表示行动的结果（a find, a catch, a cough, etc. ）3) 原动词表示一 种行动或行为，转化为名词后表示行为
words and loan words 。 Native own without a bound morpheme. A
words(Anglo-Saxon origin of OE) Loan
bound morpheme cannot stand by itself
words(borrowed from other language)
的主体，如：（abore, a cheat, a sneak, a coach, a good kick）②A to N(1) Partial conversionA. 表示一种类的概念，指具 有某种特点的一类人， 不指个别人。
B. 以-s, -sh, -se, -ch 结尾表示民族概念 的形容词转化为名词，与定冠词连用，
governmental administration）③Modern auxiliaries. Content words: nouns, main
English (1500-the present)
verbs, adjectives, adverbs.
The rapid growth of present-day English