第五章世界贸易组织一、世界贸易组织概况（一）宗旨(Who we are、Fact file location、Established、Created by、Membership、Budget、Secretariat staff、Head、Functions)Who we areThere are a number of ways of looking at the World Trade Organization. It is an organization for trade opening. It is a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements. It is a place for them to settle trade disputes. It operates a system of trade rules. Essentially, the WTO is a place where member governments try to sort out the trade problems they face with each other.（它是一个组织的贸易开放。
这是各国政府谈判贸易协定的论坛。
这是为他们解决贸易争端的地方。
它经营的贸易规则体系。
从本质上讲，世界贸易组织是一个地方，成员国政府试图以他们彼此面对的贸易问题进行梳理。
）Location（地点）:Geneva, Switzerland（瑞士日内瓦）Established（建立）:1 January 1995（1995年1月1日）Created by（建立过程）: Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-94)（乌拉圭回合谈判（1986年至1994年））Membership（成员国）: 159 countries on2 March 2013 （159个国家在2013年3月2日）Budget（预算）: 197 million Swiss francs for 2011（196万瑞士法郎在2011年）Secretariat staff（秘书处工作人员）: 640Head: Roberto Azevêdo (Director-General)（罗伯托·阿泽维多（总干事））Functions:（功能）（1）Administering WTO trade agreements（管理世贸组织的贸易协定）（2）Forum for trade negotiations（论坛贸易谈判）（3）Handling trade disputes（处理贸易争端）（4）Monitoring national trade policies（监控国家贸易政策）（5）Technical assistance and training for developing countries （技术援助，并为发展中国家培训）（6）Cooperation with other international organizations（与其他国际组织的合作）（二）职能1、Trade negotiations（贸易谈判）2、Implementation and monitoring（实施和监测）3、Dispute settlement（争端的解决）4、Building trade capacity（建设贸易能力）5、Outreach（外展）（三）组织机构（WTO organization chart）WTO structure: all WTO members may participate in all councils, committees, etc, except Appellate Body, Dispute Settlement panels, and plurilateral committees.体制：所有WTO成员可参加所有理事会，委员会等，但上诉机构，争端解决小组和多边委员会。
）（四）如何加入WTO（How to join the WTO）Any state or customs territory having full autonomy in the conduct of its trade policies may join (“accede to”) the WTO, bu t WTO membersmust agree on the terms. Broadly speaking the application goes through four stages:（任何州或海关领土拥有完全自主权在其贸易政策的行为可能加入世贸组织(“加入”),但WTO成员必须达成一致。
一般来说,应用程序会经历四个阶段:）First, “tell us about yourself”(告诉我们关于你自己). The government applying for membership has to describe all aspects of its trade and economic policies that have a bearing on WTO agreements. This is submitted to the WTO in a memorandum which is examined by the working party dealing with the country’s application. These working parties are open to all WTO members.（政府申请会员来描述其贸易和经济政策的方方面面,在世贸组织的协议。
这是提交世贸组织在一份备忘录由工作组检查处理的应用程序。
这些工作对所有WTO成员开放。
）Second, “work out with us individually what you have to offer”（与我们合作后你自身所能提供的）.When the working party has made sufficient progress on principles and policies, parallel bilateral talks begin between the prospective new member and individual countries. They are bilateral because different countries have different trading interests. These talks cover tariff rates and specific market access commitments, and other policies in goods and services. The new member’s commitments are to apply equally to all WTO members under normal non-discrimination rules, even though they are negotiated bilaterally. In other words, the talks determine the benefits (in theform of export opportunities and guarantees) other WTO members can expect when the new member joins. (The talks can be highly complicated. It has been said that in some cases the negotiations are almost as large as an entire round of multilateral trade negotiations.)（当工作组取得了足够的进展原则和政策,平行双边会谈开始未来的新成员和各个国家之间。
他们是两国因为不同的国家有不同的贸易利益。
这些谈判涉及关税税率和具体的市场准入承诺,和其他商品和服务政策。
新成员的承诺同样适用于所有WTO成员在正常非歧视规则,即使他们是双边谈判。
换句话说,谈判确定的好处(出口机会和担保的形式)其他WTO成员可以期待新成员加入。
(会谈可以非常复杂。
据说在某些情况下,谈判几乎是一样大的整个轮多边贸易谈判)。
Third, “let’s draft membership terms”（让我们来起草会员条款）. Once the working party has completed its examination of the applicant’s trade regime, and the parallel bilateral market access negotiations are complete, the working party finalizes the terms of accession. These appear in a report, a draft membership treaty (“protocol of accession”) and lists (“schedules”) of the member-to-be’s commitments.（一旦申请人的工作小组已经完成了考试的贸易体制,和并行双边市场准入谈判完成后,工作组完成加入世贸组织的条款。
这些出现在一份报告中,加入条约草案(“入世协议”)和列表member-to-be(“计划”)的承诺。
）Finally, “the decision”（决定）. The final package, consisting of the report, protocol and lists of commitments, is presented to the WTO General Council or the Ministerial Conference. If a two-thirds majority of WTO members vote in favour, the applicant is free to sign the protocol and to accede to the organization. In many cases,the country’s own parliament or legislature has to ratify the agreement before membership is complete.（最后的方案,包括报告的,协议和承诺,列表给出了世贸组织总理事会或者部长级会议。