内科学中的高血压
第六章
高血压
(Hypertension)
Define hypertension
Hypertension is a vascular disease with blood pressure elevations .It has two clinical forms :essential (primary)hypertension and secondary hypertension.
发病机制(mechanisms of essential hypertension)-3
血管重建 (Vascular structural remodeling ) 多种因素的参与,血压对血管壁的冲击,血管内皮受 损,水钠储留(multiple factors can cause both functional contraction and structural remodeling and Hypertrophy)
发病机制(mechanisms of essential hypertension)-2
肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(ReninAngiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)激 活:血管紧张素II为主要效应物质,作用于AT1 受体,使小动脉收缩,并刺激醛固酮和促进交 感神经系统激活(ALL functions of renin are mediated through the synthesis of angiotensin II. It will stimulate the secretion of aldosterone and hence mediates responses to varying sodium intake and volume load also Increased sympathetic nervous system activity)
病理
功能-------结构
心脏:左心室肥厚和扩大;冠状动脉粥样硬化(Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease)
脑:脑血管缺血和变性,易形成微动脉瘤,发生脑出血; 脑动脉粥样硬化,发生脑血栓形成;脑小动脉闭塞性病 变,引起腔隙性脑梗塞(ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage)
收缩期杂音 少数在颈部或腹部可听到血管杂音 靶器官受损体征:
实验室检查
血压测量(Measurement of BP) Posture, Circumstances, Cuff size, Technique
常规检查 Urine test, GLU, K+, NA+,Lipidprotein profile, BUN,sCr, UA,EKG, X-ray, UCG, eye examination(尿常规、血糖、 血电解质、血胆固醇和甘油三酯、胸片, 超声心动图,眼 底检查)
disturbance,sensitivity) 靶器官受损症状(target organ damage):心绞痛、心、肾功能不全,脑
卒中(angina ,heart and kidney failure, stroke or ischemic attack)
体征:signs
血压随季节、昼夜、情绪等因素有较大波动 听诊时可有主动脉瓣区第二心音亢进
activity):情绪,应激等刺激神经中枢系统,交感神经系统活性亢进, 儿茶酚胺浓度升高,阻力小动脉收缩增强,同时影响肾素分泌,升高 血压(heightened vascular reactivity to alpha-adrenergic agonists by causing arteriolar and venous constriction or by altering the normalrenal pressure –volume relationship) 肾性水钠潴留(Renal Retention of Sodium):各种病因引起的肾性 水钠潴留,组织过渡灌注,全身阻力小动脉收缩( increased total body sodium and extracellular fluid volume in renal dysfuntion)
内皮细胞功能受损(Endothelial Cell Dysfunction) 舒张血管因子减少(NO,PGI2);收缩血管因子增加 (ENDOTHELIN TXA2) –promote abnormal Vascular structural remodeling .
胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance):机制不明,可能与继发 高胰岛素血症有关(内皮细胞功能受损,钠储留等)
原发性高血压以血压升高(收缩压≥ 140mmHg 和(或)舒张压≥ 90mmHg)为主要临床表现的 综合征,简称高血压病
病因 (pathogeny)
发病机制(mechanisms of essential hypertension)-1 BP = cardiac output x peripheral vascular resistance 交感神经系统活性亢进(Increased sympathetic nervous system
肾脏:肾小球纤维化、萎缩,以及肾动脉硬化导致肾功 能减退(nephrosclerosis-renal dysfunction)
临床表现
症状:symptoms
大多起病缓慢、渐进,一般缺乏特异性临床表现 约1/5患者在测量血压和发生并发症时才发现 头晕、头痛、心悸,失眠等(dizzy, headaches,palpitations,sleep
特殊检查 ABPM, ABI ratio, PWV, RENIN (24小时动态血压检测、踝/ 臂血压比值、动脉弹性功能测定、血浆肾素活性等)