考研英语（一）模拟试卷207(总分：144.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ Europe's biggest countries were once among the biggest anywhere. In 1950, four of the world's ten most 【C1】______ states were in western Europe. But decades of falling birth rates have 【C2】______ slow population growth in Europe. By 2017, Europe's most populous country【C3】______ just 16th globally. The continent's birth rate is now so low that the total population in many European countries has begun to 【C4】______. One solution is to attract foreigners. Eurostat said that the region's population rose in 2016【C5】______ immigration. The number of births and deaths were equal at 5.1m, while net migration 【C6】______ the population to 511.8m. In 13 【C7】______ its 28 member countries, more people died than were born last year. 【C8】______ not all saw their populations fall. A large intake of migrants to Germany meant that populations there still 【C9】______ grow. By 2050, Eurostat estimates that only Ireland, France, Norway and Britain would see their populations rise 【C10】______ migration. 【C11】______ , Germany and Italy need migrants badly. 【C12】______migration does continue, Eurostat's central forecast 【C13】______ that Germany will still only maintain its current population. Even 【C14】______ migration at current levels is unlikely to prevent most eastern and Mediterranean countries 【C15】______ shrinking. The former group has been losing people 【C16】______ the break-up of the Soviet Union. 【C17】______ those countries joined the EU, large shares of their populations emigrated to richer EU member countries to work. For those who leave, the freedom to live and work is an immense boon. But the countries 【C18】______ they were raised face a hard task. They must attract and 【C19】______ new workers, increase their birth rates, or learn to 【C20】______ a declining population.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.powerfulB.populousC.wealthyD.prosperous(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.resulted inB.stemmed fromC.contributed toD.influenced by(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.ratedB.rangedC.rankedD.stood(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.diminishB.declineC.dwindleD.drop(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.apart fromB.in spite ofC.according toD.because of(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.acceleratedB.promotedC.boostedD.raised(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.inB.ofC.withD.for(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.AndB.SoC.ButD.Despite(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.remained toB.longed toC.intended toD.managed to(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.withB.withoutC.forD.during(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.On the other handB.In the same wayC.In contrastD.In addition(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.NeverthelessB.SinceC.Even ifD.When(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.assertsB.claimsC.reckonsD.declares(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.attainingB.detainingC.retainingD.sustaining(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.fromB.inC.onD.out of(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.now thatB.ever sinceC.even thoughD.as if(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.BecauseB.AlthoughC.SinceD.When(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.whereB.whichC.thatD./(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.superviseB.retainC.fireD.pay(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.rely onB.fight againstC.deal withD.live with二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.__________________________________________________________________________________________A new website from the U.S, Department of Agriculture (USDA) shows that 10% of the country is now a "food desert". The Food Desert Locator is an online map highlighting thousands of areas where, the USDA says, low-income families have no or little access to healthy fresh food. First identified in Scotland in the 1990s, food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay. They suggest images of endless fast-food restaurants and convenience stores serving fatty, sugary junk food to overweight customers who have never tasted a Brussels sprout (抱子甘蓝). The USDA links food deserts to a growing weight problem that has seen childhood obesity in America triple since 1980 and the annual cost of treating obesity swell to nearly $150 billion. Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017. Official figures for the number of people living in food deserts already show a decline, from 23.5m in 2009 to 13.5m at the launch of the website in May, 2010. In America, the definition of a food desert is any census area where at least 20% of inhabitants are below the poverty line and 33% live more than a mile from a supermarket. By simply extending the cut-off in rural areas to ten miles, the USDA managed to rescue 10m people from desert life.Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage and not the real problem. Research by the Centre for Public Health Nutrition at the University of Washington found that only 15% of people shopped for food within their own census area. Critics also note that focusing on supermarkets means that the USDA ignores tens of thousands of larger and smaller retailers, farmers markets and roadside greengrocers, many of which are excellent sources of fresh food. A visit to Renton, a depressed suburb of Seattle, demonstrates the problem. The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert stretching miles in every direction. Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that attracts flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert. No surprise, then, that neither USDA nor the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies has been able to establish a causal link between food deserts and dietary health. In fact, both agree that merely improving access to healthy food does not change consumer behavior. Open a full-service supermarket in a food desert and shoppers tend to buy the same artery-clogging junk food as before — they just pay less for it. The unpalatable truth seems to be that some Americans simply do not care to eat a balanced diet, while others, increasingly, cannot afford to. Over the last four years, the price of the healthiest foods has increased at around twice the rate of energy-dense junk food. That is the nutshell (概括) of the whole problem.（分数：10.00）(1).What can we learn about the food desert?（分数：2.00）A.It is an area where the locals can't grow fresh food.B.It is an area where a lot of people are starving.C.It is an area where fresh food is hardly available to the locals.D.It is an area where people are mostly overweight.(2).According to Para. 2, how did USDA reduce the number of people in food desert by 10m?（分数：2.00）A.By promoting the concept of organic food.B.By raising people's awareness of dietary health.C.By establishing more full-service supermarkets.D.By extending the definition of food desert in rural areas.(3).The critics of food desert hold the view that ______.（分数：2.00）DA overemphasizes the importance of supermarketsB.shoppers should go outside their residence areas for foodDA should expand the census areas to locate food desertsD.shoppers should visit supermarkets more frequently(4).According to the passage, which of the following can hardly be a source of fresh food?（分数：2.00）A.Wal-Mart.B.Farmers market.C.Convenience store.D.Roadside stand.(5).According to the last paragraph, which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）A.It is a simple matter to change consumers' preference for food.B.The relationship between food desert and dietary health is certain.C.Price can be a decisive factor when consumers buy food.D.Opening full-service supermarkets will eliminate food deserts in the U.S.Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barelynotice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tirelessrobot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world." Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neu-roscientists still don't know quite how we do it.（分数：10.00）(1).Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ______.（分数：2.00）A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD.the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work(2).The word "gizmos" (Line 1, Para.2) most probably means ______.（分数：2.00）A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures(3).According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can ______.（分数：2.00）A.fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.interact with human beings verballyC.have a little common senseD.respond independently to a changing world(4).Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ______.（分数：2.00）A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human interventionC.improve factory environmentsD.cultivate human creativity(5).The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ______.（分数：2.00）A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC.far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD.best used in a controlled environmentFor more than a decade, the prevailing view of innovation has been that little guys had the edge. Innovation bubbled up from the bottom, from upstarts and insurgents. Big companies didn't innovate, and government got in the way. In the dominant innovation narrative, venture-backed start-up companies were cast as the nimble winners and large corporations as the sluggish losers. There was a rich vein of business-school research supporting the notion that innovation comes most naturally from small-scale outsiders. That was the headline point that a generation of business people, venture investors and policy makers took away from Clayton M. Christensen's 1997 classic, The Innovator's Dilemma, which examined the process of disruptive change. But a shift in thinking is under way, driven by altered circumstances. In the United States and abroad, the biggest economic and social challenges—and potential business opportunities—are problems in multifaceted fields like the environment, energy and health care that rely on complex systems. Solutions won't come from the next new gadget or clever software, though such innovations will help. Instead, they must plug into a larger network of change shaped by economics, regulation and policy. Progress, experts say, will depend on people in a wide range of disciplines, and collaboration across the public and private sectors. "These days, more than ever, size matters in the innovation game," said John Kao, a former professor at the Harvard business school and an innovation consultant to governments and corporations. In its economic recovery package, the Obama administration is financing programs to generate innovation with technology in health care and energy. The government will spend billions to accelerate the adoption of electronic patient records to help improve care and curb costs, and billions more to spur the installation of so called smart grids that use sensors and computerized meters to reduce electricity consumption. In other developed nations, where energy costs are higher than in the United States, government and corporate projects to cut fuel use and reduce carbon emissions are further along. But the Obama administration is pushing environmental and energy conservation policy more in the direction of Europe and Japan. The change will bolster demand for more efficient and more environmentally friendly systems for managing commuter traffic, food distribution, electric grids and waterways. These systems are animated by inexpensive sensors and ever-increasing computing power but also require the skills to analyze, model and optimize complex networks, factoring in things as diverse as weather patterns and human behavior. Big companies like General Electric and IBM that employ scientists in many disciplines typically have the skills and scale to tackle such projects.（分数：10.00）(1).In his book Christensen comes to the conclusion that ______.（分数：2.00）A.business people are more innovative than government officialsB.all kinds of changes are disruptive activities in some senseC.the dilemma of any innovation is its disruptive natureD.small businesses are more creative than large companies(2).Due to the complicated circumstances, a single innovation ______.（分数：2.00）A.will stimulate a chain of other innovations in related fieldsB.should fit into a network of changes to become more effectiveC.should meet economic challenges to assume social significanceD.can never solve any problem but only serves to complicate it(3).In the author's opinion, Obama's approach to the health and energy problem ______.（分数：2.00）A.is a doomed endeavor at its very beginningB.typically illustrates the complexity of the situationcks a proper vision though effective in a short termD.shows why large organizations are less innovative(4).Big companies have the advantage of ______.（分数：2.00）A.making complex networks work in a coordinated wayB.reducing the cost by producing things in large quantitiesC.being able to integrate innovations across complex systemsD.controlling human behavior with imposed restraints on creativity(5).The text is written to answer the question ______.（分数：2.00）A.Does innovation belongs to the small?B.Why small businesses are more innovative?C.Are Americans more creative than Europeans and Japanese?D.Why is technological innovation important to today's world?The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death." George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide." On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."（分数：10.00）(1).From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ______.（分数：2.00）A.doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' painB.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide(2).Which of the following statements is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.B.Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C.The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D.A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.(3).According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ______.（分数：2.00）A.prolonged medical proceduresB.inadequate treatment of painC.systematic drug abuseD.insufficient hospital care(4).Which of the following best replaces the word "aggressive" (Line 4, Para. 7)?（分数：2.00）A.boldB.harmfulC.carelessD.desperate(5).George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ______.（分数：2.00）A.manage their patients incompetentlyB.give patients more medicine than neededC.reduce drug dosages for their patientsD.prolong the needless suffering of the patients4.Part B__________________________________________________________________________________________ [A] Build friendships at work.[B] Constant challenges breed frustration.[C] Developself-awareness.[D] Employ emotional self-control.[E] Schedule time for self-reflection.[F] Stress feeds conflict—and conflict breeds anger, resentment, and unhappiness.[G] Toxic emotions are stressful. Bring to mind a conflict at work, and you'll probably have the perpetrator in mind: your incompetent boss, that passive-aggressive colleague, or the resource-hoarding peer in another department. We spend an inordinate amount of time complaining about these people, avoiding them, and fighting with them. If you want less fighting and a more enjoyable, productive workplace, you have to understand your own role in it and what you can do to break a vicious cycle that starts with frustration and stress and ends with workplace wars. 1 A healthy dose of frustration can be good, leading to determination and creativity. Unfortunately, instead of the occasional obstacle at work, we are often buried in an avalanche of problems. We don't have the resources we need to do our job, and the goalposts keep moving. We blame the relentless, do-more-with-less nature of our shortsighted, quarterly-results-driven business climate for our frustration, or we pin responsibility on unending change or corporate culture. Whatever the reason, many of us are chronically frustrated at work. 2 Chronic frustration often morphs into fear and anger. When the alarm rings, our bodies go into high alert, adrenaline and hormones course through our veins, muscles tighten so that we can move quickly, hands sweat, and breathing and heart rates speed up. This would all be well and good if it happened infrequently and saved us from actual danger. Unfortunately, frustration, low-grade fear, irritation, and even rage are familiar companions at work. This is when the vicious cycle becomes an endless loop. A Three-Step Process to Interrupt the Vicious Cycle. 3 To interrupt the frustration-stress-conflict cycle, you need to begin by recognizing what causes you to feel thwarted, scared, or threatened and what drives you to the battleground. This sounds easy, but even well-intentioned people typically put self-reflection last on the list—there just aren't enough hours in the day. Instead, make time and tap into curiosity and courage to try to figure out what kinds of situations send you into the stratosphere. The more you know about your triggers, the better you can control your emotions. 4 Once you're aware of the emotions that are driving your behavior, you can employ another important emotional intelligence competency: emotional self-control. This is what enables us to check and channel our emotions so that we don't get stuck in a permanent amygdala hijack. We can manage negative feelings, see reality through a clear lens, and stop lashing out when we feel threatened. 5. Tominimize stress and conflict at work, we need to replace "I, me, mine" with "we, us, ours." We need to stop seeing each other in terms of what we can get, and replace it with what we can give. This shift would result in less stress and fewer negative emotions. It would also lead to warmer, friendlier relationships.（分数：10.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________6.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.__________________________________________________________________________________________ "Nobody really knows" was Donald Trump's assessment of man-made global warming, in an interview on December 11th. 【F1】 As far as the atmosphere is concerned, that puts him at odds with most scientists who have studied the matter . They do know that the atmosphere is warming, and they also know by how much. But turn to the sea and Mr. Trump has a point. Though the oceans are warming too, climatologists readily admit that they have only a rough idea how much heat is going into them, and how much is already there. Many suspect that the heat capacity of seawater explains the climate pause of recent years, in which the rate of atmospheric warning has slowed. 【F2】But without decent data, it is hard to be sure to what extent the oceans are acting as a heat sink that damps the temperature rise humanity is visiting upon the planet—and, equally important, how long they can keep that up. This state of affairs will change, though, if a project described by Robert Tyler and Terence Sabaka to a meeting of the American Geophysical Union, held in San Francisco this week, is successful. Dr Tyler and Dr Sabaka, who work at the Goddard Space Flight Centre, observe that satellites can detect small changes in Earth's magnetic field induced by the movement of water. They also observe that the magnitude of such changes depends on the water's temperature all the way down to the ocean floor. That, they think, opens a window into the oceans which has, until now, been lacking. To measure things in the deep sea almost always requires placing instruments there. 【F3】 The supply of oceanographic research vessels, though, is limited, and even the addition in recent years of several thousand "Argo" probes (floating robots that roam the oceans and are capable of diving to a depth of 2,000 metres) still leaves ocean temperatures severely under-sampled. Satellites, however, can look at the whole ocean—and, if they are properly equipped, can plot ways in which Earth's magnetic field is deflected by seawater. This deflection happens because seawater is both electrically conductive and always on the move. Crucially, saltwater's conductivity increases with its temperature. This means the deflection increases, too. 【F4】 And since the magnetic field originates from within Earth, it penetrates the whole ocean, from bottom to top. So any heat contributes to the deflection. 【F5】 All this means that, if you know where and how ocean water is displaced, the changes in the magnetic field, as seen from a satellite, will tell you the heat content of that water. Dr Tyler and Dr Sabaka therefore built a computer model which tried this approach on one reasonably well-understood form of oceanic displacement, the twice-daily tidal movement caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).【F2】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).【F3】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).【F4】（分数：2.00）。