1.2.2 universal meaning vs. particular meaning 普遍意义vs.特殊意义
1.2.3 abstract meaning vs. concrete meaning 抽象意vs.特殊意义
1.2.4 literal meaning vs. figurative meaning 字面意义vs.比喻意义
1.1 Polysemy
means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time.
Eg.
government:
治理国家； 政府
blanket:
羊毛毯；给……盖羊毛毯
“get”:
150 meanings
Ex.9 P.133
Lead-in
A man who was involved in a serious motorcycle accident was unable to speak when he first regained consciousness. Whishing to know how long he had been unconscious, he took a piece of paper and a pencil from the bedside and, after writing “date?” on it, gave it to his nurse. She handed it back to him after she had written the word “Married” on it.
4)．mean
mean ／mi:n／v．意指 mean／mi:n／a．卑鄙的 mean／mi:n／a．中间的
5)．tense
tense ／tens／n．时态 tense／tens／a．拉紧的
2.2 homophone
They are different words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning.
two processes of development
1.2 sense relations of polysemy
1.2.1 original meaning vs. extended meaning 1.2.2 universal meaning vs. particular meaning 1.2.3 abstract meaning vs. concrete meaning 1.2.4 literal meaning vs. figurative meaning
Teaching focus
I. Polysemy II. Homonymy III. How to distinguish the two forms? IV. Context V. Ambiguity and vagueness
I. Polysemy一词多义
1.1 polysemy
Two heads are better than one.
b) Concatenation连锁型:
It is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its primary meaning in succession so that the present meaning seems to have no connection to the primary meaning.
2)
3)
4)
How to master the different meanings of a polysemic word?
relations between senses
1.2 sense relations of polysemy
1.2.1 original meaning vs. extended meaning 原始意义vs.引申意义
Session 6
Chapter V Polysemy and Homonymy
Review chapter 4
I. Motivation of meaning
Onomatopoeic Motivation
Ducks quack.
Morphological motivation
Hopeful
Pen
羽毛
More examples:
climate 原始意义
引申意义

Greek “klimax”=slope
The Greeks thought that the earth sloped toward the north and that this affected the weather.
1.2.2 universal meaning vs. specific meaning
E.g. “disease ”
a) The business of doctors is to prevent and cure disease.
b) Measles and flu are common diseases.
six pence per head
the head of the school
a head of cabbage the head of a page at the head of a list
head
to lose one’s head use you head
six head of cattle
2)．last
last ／la:st／a．最后的 last／la:st／v．持续 last／la:st／n．鞋楦头
3). scale
scale／skeil／n．鱼鳞 scale／skeil／n．天平 scale／skeil／n．标度 scale／skeil／v．攀登
Homonyms(同行异义词) are different words with the same form (spelling or pronunciation)
E.g.
light（光）light（轻的）； bark（吠） bark（树皮）； flower（花） flour（面粉）； vain（徒劳的）vein（静脉）vane（风向标）； tear（眼泪）tear（撕）； lead（率领）lead（铅）等。
E.G:
capital; capitol dew; due die; dye dual; duel cheap; cheep …
在英语的同形异义词中,同音异义词数量最多。
More examples Nhomakorabea Weak Way Wait Waist Vein Waive Wood Tail
1.2.1 original meaning vs. extended meaning
Etymology
original meaning: no practical use
extended meaning: in use
E.g.
Original
extended
Candidate 穿白衣服的人
2.1 perfect homonym
They are different words identical both in sound and spelling, though different in meaning.
E.g.
1)．pop
pop ／p p/n． 流行歌曲 pop／p p／n．爸爸 pop／p p／n．砰的一声
E.g.
candidate：
1) white-roped
2) office seeker in white gowns
3) a person who seeks an office
4) a person proposed for a place, award, etc.
1)
b) His splendid new car was the envy of all his friends.
b)中, envy 则指“羡慕的对象”这一具体意义
entry beauty Pride
“进入”
“入口”
“美丽”
“美人”
“骄傲” “一个使人引以为骄的人”
1.2.4 literal meaning vs. figurative meaning
Semantic Motivation
Tabula(木板)---- table
Etymological motivation
Argus-eyed professor
Argus 百眼巨人 目光敏锐的
II. Components of meaning
grammatical meaning vs. lexical meaning
“cut”:
120 meanings
Two processes of development
a) Radiation辐射型：
It is the semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meaning radiates out of it.
Eg.
“mirror”
His diary is a mirror of the times he lived in.