2 3 第一层级|抓牢“词法”——保基本分 第一讲名词和冠词 在高考中，语法填空和短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。在语法填空和短文改错中，解答有关名词的题目时，一要根据在句中所作的成分确定是否使用名词。名词在句中常用作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。二要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语的情况以及主谓一致原则来确定名词单复数。

(一)考点练悟(用所给词的适当形式填空) It was late at night. Two 1.________ (German) were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs. Green, was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had three thousand 2.______ (dollar) in her pocket. “What should I do? Many 3.______ (thief) usually bring 4.________ (knife) with them，” she thought in 5.________ (silent). After two 6.________ (minute) search, the thief happened to touch a sports suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room, so he went out to the next room where two 7.________ (Frenchman) were sleeping. When he was looking for 8.________ (money) or some 9.________ (jewel) in the next room, Mrs. Green woke up her husband quickly and called the police. And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife. Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs. Green, it was really an unusual 10.________ (experience)． 答案：1.Germans 2.dollars 3.thieves 4.knives 5.silence 6.minutes' 7.Frenchmen 8.money 9.jewels/jewelry 10.experience (二)快捷技法 思考趋向 解题规则 2

3 1.填名词的单复数 若提示词是名词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需要改变，此时应考虑填名词的单复数。

1.不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式。(如题10) 2.有数词或these, those, several, many, all, both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。(如题1,2,3,7,9) 3.名词前有one of 时用名词复数形式。 4.如果空格处作主语，且谓语动词是单数形式，则空格处应填名词单数形式；若谓语动词是复数形式，则空格处应填名词复数形式。 5.不可数名词没有复数形式。(如题8) 2.填名词的所有格 提示词为名词时，如果作定语表示“……的”，则一般考查名词的所有格。(如题6)

1.单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加's。 2.以s或es结尾的名词复数，形式为s'或es'。 3.复合名词中，一般在最后一个词的词尾加's，如her brother-in-law's character。

3.派生为名词 作句子的主语、宾语(包括介词的宾语)时，一般设空处填名词。(如题5) (三)重点强化 1．可数名词复数的规则变化： (1)一般情况下在词尾直接加-s (2)以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词，在词尾加-es (3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，将y变为i，再加-es (4)以元音字母加y结尾的名词，在词尾直接加-s (5)以o结尾的名词，无生命的常在词尾加-s，如pianos, photos；有生命的在词尾加-es，如potatoes, heroes等 (6)以f或fe结尾的名词，多数变f或fe为v，再加-es。如knife→knives，leaf→leaves (如题3,4)；少数直接加-s，如roof→roofs, gulf→gulfs 2．可数名词复数的不规则变化： (1)单复数同形的名词：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, means (手段), works (工厂), series (系列)等 (2)复数形式有特殊变化的名词： criterion标准→criteria mouse老鼠→mice phenomenon现象→phenomena foot脚；英尺→feet medium传播媒介→media child孩子→children 2 3 (一)考点练悟 下文中共有6处错误，每句中最多有一处。请找出并改正。 Recently, a famous basketball player has caused public angry by writing on the Great Wall. In fact, this happens in many place of interest. I have some suggestion to solve this problem. First, make more poster to inform the public of the damage of graffiti (涂鸦). Besides, punishments, such as a fine, are necessary to tourists with such bad behavior. Also, I think it's helpful to put up some boards along the tourist attraction where tourists are permitted to leave messages. I'm sure with our effort, more and more people will become concerned about protecting cultural relics. 答案：第一句：angry→anger 第二句：place→places 第三句：suggestion→suggestions 第四句：poster→posters 第六句：attraction→attractions 第七句：effort→efforts (二)快捷技法 思考趋向 解题规则

1.名词的数与格的错用 根据名词前的修饰成分或者名词本身，判定名词的数与格是否正确。 1.可数名词前由不定冠词a或an修饰，一般用单数形式，由数词、量词修饰一般用复数形式。 2.不可数名词没有复数形式。 3.有些词既可用作可数名词也可用作不可数名词，应注意具体语境。 4.表示“……的”意义时应用所有格形式。 2.名词与形容词、名词与动词的错用 结合语境分析句子成分，由所充当的句子成分判断词性的正误。

1.名词一般在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。 2.作表语时，与主语构成同位关系一般用名词，形容词一般是对主语的描述。 3.在冠词、所有格或介词后一般用名词。

冠词是语法填空题的常考点，经常考查不定冠词a，an和定冠词the的基本用法和固定搭配。解答冠词2 3 类题目时，首先需要明确设空处是表示特指还是泛指，如果是前者用the，后者则需要再判断用a还是an。短文改错中的冠词类题目，除了判断是表示特指还是泛指外，还需要注意单数可数名词前必须有冠词。同时对常见的固定搭配中的冠词也要熟练掌握。

(一)考点练悟(用冠词填空) When I walked down 1.________ Third Avenue, as 2.______ rule, I used to look into the windows of 3.______ old shop that sold old and beautiful things. Since I often took my walk after the closing time, I cupped my hands against 4.________ windows to get 5.________ small look at the treasures inside. Some things looked as if they had not been noticed for 6.________ long time, but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their own surface. I even thought they were 7.________ most beautiful that I had ever seen. That was how I felt about old people, too. I knew their value, and it hurt me when others missed it. I was raised by my grandmother and given 8.________ deep sense of the value of experience. Taught to behave well, my sister and I respected other people, regardless of their age or color. My grandmother was loved by all 9.________ people around her. She was known to be 10.________ wise and kind woman, who was able to do things well even in her last years. Old people should be treated as fine gold. They may be gradually tarnished (失去光泽) by age, but they can be polished with respect. You might be surprised by their bright and shining qualities. 答案：1.the 2.a 3.an 4.the 5.a 6.a 7.the 8.a 9.the 10.a (二)快捷技法 思考趋向——如何确定填冠词 如果空格后有名词(短语)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式，那么空格处一般是填冠词。 解题规则——如何确定填什么冠词 1．不定冠词a/an的常考点 (1)表示泛指，相当于“a certain”。(如题3,6,10) (2)表示类指，指某类中的“任何一个”。 (3)表示量指，但数的概念没有one强烈。 (4)表示“每”，相当于per，用于价格、速度、频率等表达中。 (5)考查固定搭配中的不定冠词。(如题2,6) (6)和具有某些特征、状态或情感的抽象名词连用表示具体的概念。(如题5,8)