第一讲选择最佳的译文。
1.大厅的灯晃得我睁不开眼。
The lights in the hall are so bright that I could not open my eyes. 2.中国是一个历史悠久，人口众多的国家，创造了灿烂的古代文明，对人类做出了重大的贡献。
China is a populous country with a time-honored history. It’s a home of a splendid ancient civilization and a major contribution to human progress.3. They killed a bottle of Erguotou between them.他们灭了一瓶二锅头。
4.这本书再三重印，仍然供不应求。
Though we got this book reprinted several times ,the readers’ demand still exceeds its supply.I，定义：1.马建中（1894）析其字句之繁简，书其文体之变态及其理精神，析之所以然；模写其神情，仿佛其语气；阅读者所得之益，与观原文无异。
---善译翻译评论家马建中---“善译说”（1），善译的条件：“其平日冥心钩考，必先将所译者与所以译者两国文字深嗜笃好…”强调译者平日对本国语言文字和对象国语言文字必须有很高的修养，对语法学、词源学、文体学、修辞学等学科佑很深的研究，这是对译者的素养提出的最高要求。
（2），善译的过程：“一书到手，经营反复，确知其意旨之所在，而又摹写其神情，仿佛其语气，然后心悟神解，振笔而书”。
这体现了译者在整个翻译过程中理解和表达的全部。
（3），善译的实质：“译成之文适如其所译而止，而曾无毫发出入于其间”。
也就是“等值”翻译理论。
（4），善译的效果：“能使阅者所得之益与观原文无异”，这实质上达到了所谓“等效”翻译的效果。
2．Translation is to reproduce in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source –language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.《The Theory and Practice of Translation》(Nida,1969)从语义到文体，用最贴近的自然对等语在接受语言中再现原语信息。
或：Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。
)3．The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another(从一种语言转换成另一种语言);Webster’s third New International D ictionary of the English Language: to turn into one’s own or another language(转换成本族语或另一种语言)。
翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。
Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.II，Principles and Criteria①中国几位翻译家的理论（influential translation principles）：玄奘：既须求真，又须喻俗严复：信达雅--- Yan Fu’s Triple principle for translation Faithfulness信：being faithful to the original.Expressiveness达:being explicit and smooth.Elegance雅：being elegant in the words.The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.i.e. Penny-wise and pound-foolish.捡芝麻丢西瓜。
傅雷：神似---spiritual conformity. Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.强调原作神韵再现。
理想的译文仿佛原作者的中文写作。
-------傅雷钱钟书：化境---sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translator’ssmooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.不因语文习惯的差异而露出牵强的痕迹。
-------钱钟书刘重德：信、达、切---faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.鲁迅：凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然是求其易解，一则保存着原作的风姿。
矛盾：忠实的传达原文的内容和风格，用纯粹的祖国语言。
许渊冲：杨长避短，发挥译文语言优势。
中国翻译史上的论争：鲁迅：宁信而不顺---rather to be faithful than smooth。
目的：引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信---rather to be smooth than faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流。
②Alexander Fraser Tyler's Three Fundamentals.⑴A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.⑵Style and manner-be of the same character with that of the original.⑶ a translation should have all the ease of original composition③Eugene A.Nida’s Functional Equivalence⑴True to the original忠实原文⑵Vivid传神⑶Smooth and natural语言顺畅自然⑷Equivalence of response同等效应《Towards a Science of Translation》DIYWhen censorship laws are relaxed, dishonest people are given a chance to produce virtually anything in the name of “art”.一旦放松法律审查，招摇撞骗之徒就会打着“艺术”的幌子炮制各种乌七八糟的货色。
Franklin had many of the qualities of an inventor. They include great curiosity, broad interest, mechanical completed, and a practical view of life.富兰克林有着发明者所具备的许多品质，如求知欲强，兴趣广泛，心灵手巧，做事执着，求真务实等等。
III分类Interpretation, written translation, machine translation.Translation of English for science and technology, literary translation, practical writing translation.Full translation全译, partial translation摘译, translation plus editing编译IV品质1. Well-acquainted with the source language and the targetlanguage.Example尽管老天与他们作对，整夜下着倾盆大雨，大家都被淋得浑身透湿，这一大群人头天晚上还是聚到了一起。
This large body of men had met on the previous night, despite the elements which opposed to them, a heavy rain falling whole if night and drenched them o skin.2. Be armed with professional knowledge needed.Translation is a miscellaneous(五花八门的，各种各样的，多才多艺的) art.3. Be armed with the ability to live his part (移情)。
A translation must enter into the spirit of his character.4.Be armed with the excellent ability of expressiveness and imagination.Keep objectivity of the original and shun subjectivity.保持原文的客观性而避免主观性。