Unit 4 Earthquake1、shake v.＆n.①v t.＆vi.(shook, shaken) 摇动；震动；颤抖;shake hands with sb /shake sb’ s hand / shake sb. by the hand 与…握手shake one’ s head at sb 朝某人摇头(表否定, 怀疑, 悲伤, 不赞成等)shake with…. 因…..而颤抖e.g.: a. shake with laughter, fear, rage, etc 笑得, 吓得, 气得……打颤b. shake with cold 冻得发抖shake one’ s fist at sb 向某人挥拳表示愤怒或恐吓.e.g.: a. shake the bottle before using. 使用之前请摇动瓶子.b. The earthquake shook the building. 地震使房子振动.②n. [ c ] (多用单数) 摇动; 震动;e.g.: a shale pf the head 摇头辨析: shake, tremble ,quake①shake 为常用词, 表示短促而迅速地上下往来摇动.②tremble 尤指身体因恐惧、激动或愤怒轻微、快速、不由自主地颤抖.e.g.: tremble with rage, excitement etctrembling hands 颤抖的手③quake 较为正式, 常同tremble ,但含“猛烈”的意思.e.g.: quake with fear/cold 因恐惧[寒冷]而颤抖.△quake n. (口) == earthquake练习: The boy shook his mother’s hand.→The boy shook hand.2、right away == at once / without delay. 毫不耽搁地；不可用于进行时态.e.g.: I’ll write to him right away.right now == immediately / in no time / in a moment / at this very moment / at present 立刻;在此时;在此刻. 在作“在此时”, “在此刻”讲时,可用于进行时态.e.g.: He’s writing a novel right now.2、rise vi. (rose; risen)①(太阳, 月亮, 星星等)升起;出现; == go up / come up 反义→set②(物价, 东西等)上涨;上升; == go up / increase(vi.) 反义→go down / fall / droprise to 上升到; rise by 上升了;③(人等)站起来,起床,起身. rise to one’s feet == stand up 站起来raise sb to one’s feet 把某人扶起来early to bed and early to rise 早睡早起n. 升起;升高；增加=increasegive rise to sth 引起;导致; == cause sth / lead to / result in / bring about sthgive sb a rise 给某人涨工资;提职;the rise and fall of the British Empire 大英帝国的兴衰e.g.: a. The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west.b. Prices have risen steadily during the past decade.c. The rise in the house rent has added to our difficulties.d. He rose from the chair.辨析: rise, raise，arise①rise vi. 升起;上升;增长;升高. 说明主语自身移向较高位置.(自然上升/升起)e.g.: The temperature is still rising.②raise vt 举起;提起;抬高. 说明主语发出的动作是要作用于其他事物的(人为的举起;抬起;提高),另:还可意为”提出;饲养;种植”.e.g.: Let’s raise glass to our friendship.raise a family 养家;抚养子女; raise…to 举例…;提高到…raise…by 举高了…;提高了….③arise vi. 出现，发生，产生（arose, arisen）=appeare.g.: A new difficulty has arisen.increase＆ improve①increase == become or make sth larger in number or amount.(v.＆n.) 增加(大).(数目或数量)increase (v.) to 增加到by 增加了on the increase(n.) == increasing 正在增加. == on the risee.g.: The rate of inflation has increased by 2﹪. 通货膨胀率已增长了2﹪.②improve vt. ＆vi. 改良;改进;改善;(make sth become better)e.g.: His health is improving. 他的健康正在好转.improvement n. 改善，提高练习: After the operation, the player has done more exercise to ___C___ his strength.A. riseB. improveC. increaseD. raise4、ruin①n. 毁灭,崩溃;遗迹,废墟;(常用算数)be in ruins 呈一片废墟fall into ruins 变成废墟bring sth to ruin 使毁灭come to ruin 毁灭,落空go to ruin 毁坏;毁灭ruin one self 自我毁灭②vt.毁灭;毁坏,使破产;sth ruin sthe.g.: The fire ruined the books in the library.辨析: ruin, destroy, damage.① ruin 一般指对物体或生命彻底的破坏,但往往是非暴力的,也往往指不是一次的打击结果,常指对美好的希望中的事物的破坏.[强调彻底毁坏,往往是长期性的并非一次性行为,不能修复.] ②destroy 表示在肉体上、精神上或道义上的彻底摧毁,使之无法复原,也可表示对某物体进行完全的毁坏.[指通过某种特有的或粗暴的手段使之毁灭或无用,一般很难修复.]③damage 损失;损坏;多用于无生命的东西,指“价值、用途降低或外表损坏等,不一定全部破坏,损坏了可以修复”;这种损失是自然灾害或人为过失造成的.练习: (用ruin, damage, destroy 的正确形式填空.)1.The fire destroyed most of the building.2.The crops are all ruined by the continuous rain.3. A falling tree damaged the roof and we should repair it.5、injure vt. 使受伤；损害；伤害感情；e.g.: a. Smoking will injure your health.b. The boy injured his leg.c. Your remark may injure her pride (自尊).injure n. [c] 伤;伤口;伤害. injured adj. 受伤的.the injured (在事故,战斗等中)受伤的== the wounded.辨析: hurt, injure, wound, harm.①hurt “受伤”的一般用语,既可指肉体上的伤害也可指精神上的伤害. e.g.: hurt one’s feelings②injure 一般指由于意外或事故而受伤,精神上的结果的伤害多用hurt.③wound 指外伤,如刀伤,枪伤,剑伤,尤指在战争中受伤.④harm 常用于口语,一般只作及物动词,特指伤及一个或其心情、健康、权利、事业等，并使之产生痛苦、损害或某种不幸遭遇.练习: (用wound, damage, destroy, harm, hurt, injure 的适当形式填空.)1. She felt hurt at your words.2. Don’t harm your eyes by reading in dim light.3. The bullet wounded him in the shoulder.4. The bus was badly damaged when it hit the wall.5. The building was destroyed in the earthquake.6. He was injured in the accident.6、shock vt.＆vi (使)震惊; (使)震动;== astonish / surprise / amaze(令惊叹，佩服之意) /wonder=surprise greatlybe shocked at (doing) sth 因…….而震惊.be shocked to doe.g.: a. I was shocked at the news of her death..b. He was shocked (at knowing his son playing all day. / to know his son playing all day.)n. 冲击;震动;打击;突击、休克；电击；go into / be in shock 处于休克状态get a shock from a wire 碰着电线而触电e.g.: a. An electric shock can kill you .b. It was a great shock for him when his wife died.adj. shocking 令人震惊的；shocked 感到震惊的7、rescue v.＆n.e.g.: a. rescue a man from drowning ,attack.. 援救一男子使之免遭溺毙,攻击.b. rescue sb from danger. 营救某脱离危险.c. you rescued me from an embarrassing situation. 是你给我解了围.②n. 搭救;解救;come /go to the /sb’ s rescue 援救或帮助某人.a rescue team 抢救队rescue workers 救援人员辨析: rescue, save①rescue 求助,援助,营救,重在强调迅速行动,从直接的和迫在眉捷的危险中解救.②save 救;救助;拯救,普通用词,使用广泛,常指把处于危险或危急状态的人或事物救出来使之得以保全,很多情况下两词可以换用.8、judge v.＆n.①vt. 审判；断定；评价；认为. (不用于被动语态)Sb / sth (to be) + n./adje.g.: I judged him to be about 50. 断定某人/某物……that – clause / whether….Judge e.g.: He judged that it was time to open the proceedings. 他认为是开始的时候了.it + n./adj. + to do sth 认为干某事是……e.g.: The committee judged it advisable to postpone the meeting. (委员会认为会议应该延期举办).sth by / from 根据……判断e.g.: Don’t judge by appearances. 不要以貌取人.Judging from 从….判断（一般不用judged）拓展：英语中常用来作评价性的词句的非谓语动词（短语），与句子的实际主语之间不存在主动或被动的逻辑关系，常见的有：judging from/by, considering, supposing, to tell you the truth, to be honest, generally /frankly/properly/honestly speaking.②n. [c] 裁判;法官;judgmentpass a judgment on…对…作出评价.in one’s judgment 照某人看来. s opinion/to one’s thinking.use/exercise one’s judge 运用判断力.9、a (great / large) number / (great / large) numbers of许多;大量; + n.(pl).作主语时,句子谓语用复数the number of + n.(pl). 意为”…的数量”,作主语时,句子谓语用单数.a large/great/good/big number oflarge/great/good numbers of + n.(pl). 谓语用复数a good/great many (of the)many (of the)many a + n (单) 谓语用单数large amounts of + n.[u] 谓语用复数e.g.: Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.a large/great amount of + n.[u] 谓语用单数a great deal of + n.[u] 谓语用单数a lot of n.[u] 谓语用单数+lots of n.[pl] 谓语用复数e.g.: There was lots of money in the safe.plenty of + n.[u] 谓语用复数n.[pl] 谓语用单数a quantity of + n,[pl] 谓语用复数n.[u] 谓语用单数quantities of + n.[pl] 谓语用复数n.[u]much (of the) + n.[u] 谓语用单数10、bury vt.①埋葬; e.g.: He was buried with his wife.②将某人/物藏于地下;隐藏; e.g.: Our dog buries it’s bones in the garden.③覆盖;遮盖; e.g.: She buried her face in her hands and wept.④从记忆中除去;忘记== forget e.g.: It’s time to bury our differences and be friends again.bury oneself in sth 埋头于某事物;专心致志于某事物. == involve oneself in/ concentrate on/ focus one’s mind/attention on/ fix one’s mind/attention on/ keep one’s mind on/ devote oneself to / be deep in sth /be absorbed inbe buried in thoughts/memories of the past=be deep in thought拓展：被动形式表主动意义的类似结构：be hidden among the woods 躲在树林里be lost in deep thought 陷入沉思be seated in an armchair 坐在椅子上be stationed in the village 驻扎在村里be dressed in red clothes 穿着红色的衣服be compared to/with 与…相比be drunk 喝醉be devoted to education 献身教育be set in 以….为背景be situated/located in 座落在be involved in 被卷入….11、honour v.＆n.①. v. 尊敬，给予荣誉，表扬某人honour sb/sth with sth =sb. be honoured with 因某事使某人感到荣幸；给某人以荣誉honour sb for sth =sb be honoured for 因某事表彰某人honour sb as =sb be honoured as 尊某人为…e.g.: a.Will you honour me with a visit? 如蒙造访则荣幸之至。