Man is a rope stretched between the animal and the Superman –a rope over an abyss. 人是连接动物与超人之间的绳索—一根跨越深渊的绳索。
• 【Nietzsche’s major writings】 ’ 】 • The birth of tragedy out of the spirit of music (1872), • Human, all too-human (1878), • The gay science (1882) • Thus spake Zarathustra (1883-5) • Beyond good and evil (1886) • Nietzsche contra Wagner (1895),
Rousseau and his social contract
Kant and his Critiques
Mill’s utilitarianism
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Nietzsche and his life philosophy
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
• 卢梭的思想积极影响了法国大革命。在哲学上， 卢梭承认感觉是认识的根源；但又认为对自然界 来说，精神是其积极的、而物质是其消极的本原， 并强调情感高于理智、信仰高于理性。在社会观 方面，主张人生而自由、平等，私有制是人类不 平等的根源，以及社会契约说。在教育观点上， 提出“返归自然”的口号，主张顺应儿童的本性， 让他们的身心自由发展。在美学上，提出风俗败 坏艺术，艺术败坏风俗的观点，但他的创作实践 与“返归自然”的口号，对以后感伤主义和浪漫 主义影响极大。
Utilitarianism
Qualitative versus quantitative approach “ rather be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied or it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied.”
Voltaire:
I have received your new book against the human race, and thank you for it. Never was such cleverness used in the design of making up us all look stupid. One longs, in reading your book, to walk on all fours. But as I have lost that habit for more than sixty years, I feel unhappily the impossibility of resuming it.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
• The greatest happiness principle The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. 把“功利”或“最大幸福”作为道德基础的信仰认为： 正确的行动和促进幸福的程度成比例；错误的行动则和导 致不幸成比例。
The Social Contract
• 《社会契约论》（或《民约论》），是一部政治理论著作，对法国资 产阶级革命产生重大影响。它主张只有全体社会成员经过协议，订立 社会契约，才能成为人间一切合法权利的基础，因而，国家只应该是 自由的人民所订立的社会契约的产物.
Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said, “This is mine,” and found people naive enough to believe him, that man was the true founder of civil society.
The Apollonian versus Dionysian
• Dionysus symbolized the dynamic stream of life, which knows no restrains or barriers and defies all limitations. • Apollo, on the other hand, was the symbol of order, restraint, and form.
7-Cs of success
• • • • • • • A clear conception A strong confidence A focus concentration A stubborn consistency An emotional commitment A good character A capacity to enjoy the process
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) • The revaluation of all values • God is dead • The Apollonian versus Dionysian • Master morality versus slave morality • The will to power • The superman • Eternal recurrence
Main works and distinctive ideas Critique of Pure Reason Critique of Practical Reason Critique of Judgment Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals Kant’s Copernican Revolution The Categorical Imperative
Examined life in my eye
3-D Approach to life
• Discover your positive talent • Develop the most meaningful and beneficial of those talents • Deploy your talents into the world for the good of others as well as yourself
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Kant revolutionized modern philosophy by his critical philosophy.
“two things filled the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe…the starry heavens above and the moral law within”
Aesthetics: the beautiful
1. The beautiful as independent pleasantbject of universal delight. 3. Fianlity versus Purpose in the beautiful object. 4. Necessity, common sense, and the beautiful.