泰勒士(about 624-546 ＊Thales 泰勒士 BCE) known as “Father of Philosophy” 1) Water is the origin and mother-womb of all things. 2)Thales also said that “all things are full of Gods.”
阿里斯多芬） Aristophanes （阿里斯多芬）(about 450-380 BC): Frogs（蛙）, Clouds（云）, Wasps（马蜂）, （ （ （马蜂） Birds（鸟） （ 希罗多德） Herodotus （希罗多德）(484-430 BC):History 修昔底得） Thucydides (修昔底得）(about 460-404 BC)— 修昔底得 history of Peloponesian War
The Milesians shifted from traditional thinking in terms of mythology(神话）to mythology(神话）to a rational, more scientific thinking pattern.
Their philosophical view:
Pre-Socratic philosophers
1.The Milesians : Thales 米利都学派：代表人物 –泰勒斯 ■ 2.The Pythagoreans: Pythagoras 毕达哥拉斯学派：代表人物—毕达哥拉斯 ■ 3.Heraclitus (赫拉克里特) ■ 4.Parmenides（巴门尼德) ■ 5. The Pluralists (多元素论者） ■ 6. The Atomist: Democritus 原子论者:代表人物—德谟克利特
• Cultural background of ancient Greek
• Pre-Socratic philosophy
• The sophists, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle
2
Homer (荷马about 9th
century BC-8th century BC)
■
The Birthplace of Western Wisdom
Presocratic philosopher What is permanent in existence?
The birth place of Greek philosophy was the seaport town of Miletus, located across the Aegean Sea from Athens, on the west shores of Ionia in Asian Minor. So the philosophers are called either Milesians or Ionians. These first Greek philosophers focused on nature, and their philosophy or rather phusis (自然哲学) mainly concerns the study of nature, with “arche (本原/始基) as its central issue.
Father of the Western Philosophy ——Thales ——Thales
Ancient Greek olive mill and olive press
About Thales’ claim “Everything is made of water”: • Questions Solutions provided by proof Conclusion Implications
Socrates’ Predecessors
Ancient Greek Philosophy
The sophists, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Hellenistic
Wonder is the foundation of all philosophy, inquiry the progress, ignorance the end. -----Montaigne -----Montaigne
＊Anaximenes阿那克西美尼(about 585-528 B.C) Attempting to mediate between the two views of his predecessors, he designated air as the primary substance from which all things come. To explaቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱn this, he argued that things are what they are by virtue of how condensed or expanded the air is that makes up those things. In making this point he introduced the important new idea that differences in quality are caused by differences in quantity.
Ancient philosophy (c. 600 B.C.–c. A.D. 400)
Ancient Greek philosophy is the philosophy of the Graeco-Roman world from the sixth century (c. 585 B.C.) to the fourth century A.D. It is usually divided into three periods: the pre-Socratic period, the periods of, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, and the post-Aristotelian (or Hellenistic) period. The most important of the ancient philosophers (in terms of subsequent influence) are Plato and Aristotle. The themes of ancient philosophy are: understanding the fundamental causes and principles of the universe; explaining it in an economical and uniform way; the epistemological problem of reconciling the diversity and change of the natural universe, with the
＊Anaximander 阿那克西曼德(about 610- 546 阿那克西曼德 B.C.)
1）. He agreed with his teacher that there is some single basic stuff out of which everything comes. But Anaximander believed that the primary substance out of which all these specific things come is an indefinite or boundless realm, which he calls the indeterminate boundless. 2.）The indeterminate boundless is the unoriginated and indestructible primary substance of things, and it has eternal motion. 3). He said that all life comes from the sea and suggested that people evolved from creatures of a different kind.
Homer:
-- described the scene of Mount Olympus -- depicted Gods with much human features but he also suggested a impersonal force controlling the structure of the universe.
• Iliad • Odyssey
Lyric Poets:
萨福） Sappho （萨福）(about 612-580 BC)
品达) Pindar (品达 (about 518_438 BC) 品达
埃斯库罗斯） Aeschylus （埃斯库罗斯）(525-456 BC): Prometheus Bound（被缚的普罗米修斯）, （被缚的普罗米修斯） Persians（波斯人）, Agamemon （阿伽门农） 阿伽门农） （波斯人） 索福克勒斯） Sophocles （索福克勒斯）(496-406 BC): Oedipus the King（奥狄浦斯王）, Electra（埃勒克特 （奥狄浦斯王） （ 拉）, Antigone（安提戈涅） （安提戈涅） Euripides（欧里庇德斯）（484-406 BC) : Euripides（欧里庇德斯）（ ）（ Andromache（安德洛玛刻）, Medea（美狄 （安德洛玛刻） （ 亚）, Trojan Women（特洛伊妇女） （特洛伊妇女）
possibility of obtaining fixed and certain knowledge about it; questions about things which cannot be perceived by the senses, such as numbers, elements, universals, and gods; the analysis of patterns of reasoning and argument; the nature of the good life and the importance of understanding and knowledge in order to pursue it; the explication of the concept of justice, and its relation to various political systems. In this period the crucial features of the philosophical method were established: a critical approach to received or established views, and the appeal to reason and argumentation.