L1 Finding fossil manWe can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first'modern men' came from.Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.New words and expressionsrecount /ri'kaunt/ v.叙述 / ' rei'kaunt/ 再数一次record / ' rek[d/ /ri' kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后叙述：recount : emotionless 重复describedepict： a little emotionalnarrate： temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。

portray：描述saga /'sa:g[/ n.英雄故事描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事legend /'ledV[nd/ n.传说，传奇 unreal e.g robin hoodanthropologist/ 'AnWr['pCl[dVist/ n.人类学家anthrop：人philosophere :philo＋sopher|爱＋智慧＝哲学家philanthropist : 慈善家（对人有爱心的人）anthropology :人类学带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学 geography 地理学 ecology 生态学remote/ ri'm[ut/ n.遥远ancestor / 'Ansest[/ n.祖先an- 在前面forefather,forebear ，predecessor祖先rot/ rCt/ v.烂掉leave me rot.＝leave me alongrot to death.soon ripe,soon rotten.decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate关系逐渐恶化trace /treis/ n.痕迹，踪迹trace the problemi follow your trace＝i follow where you gopolynesia 波利尼西亚poly-多polyandric: a wife with more than one husbandpolygeny : a husband with more than one wifeflint /flint/ n.燧石 flinting heartedfossil / ' fCsl/ n. 化石 cobble 鹅卵石read of 读到谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear ofnear east：近东 mediterranean, south europe,north africfar east非限定性从句，表原因oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language.precede :什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词counterpart: two things or two people have the same positionoral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart.preserve: 保留，保存（腌制）如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用to do sth,而不是doing sth.storyteller: 讲故事的人fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生migration ：移民１）migrant ２）immigrantv. migrate:迁移，迁徙migratory bird:候鸟none: no bodypeople＋s 民族if they had any: 即便是有his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized.find out千方百计，费尽周折＝exploremodern men :the men who were like ourselveshowever－anywhere you want ,加逗号but,yet－不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentencetherefore－自由so－自由tool:小工具instrument:实验器械equipment:设备shape:成型；教育，改造may also have:表推测peel:果皮leather:皮革hide:兽皮 cowhide:牛皮without (any) trace:无影无踪L 2 Spare that spiderWhy, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends ? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible.for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or ourbelongings.Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six.How many spiders are engaged in this work on our behalf ? One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.T. H. GILLESPIE Spare that Spider from The ListenerNew words and expressions flocks and herds 牛群和羊群／flCk/ the birds of the same feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分you are the same flock.也可指人herd多指牛群 cowherd cowboythrong and crowd swarmowe vt.感激欠 i owe you. i owe you a big favor. 欠 issueoblige indebt appreciate----常用口语词正式：grateful thankfulbeast n 兽形容人野蛮无比，不能用animal 形容creature可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性．Fraction 小部分分数，小数 a fraction of rice will sufficeon one＇s behalf 代表．．．利益I beat you on your behalf.我打你是为你好 on behalf of somebody /somethinge.g on behalf of chinese government on behalf of ＝representauthority /C:＇WCriti/ n.权威 authorize批准 authoritative权威性的 authoritarian独裁的－tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词 dictator独裁者 dictatorial独裁的authorities １．权威（可单数可复数）２．当局（复数）census /sens[s/ n.统计数据 the fifth national population census. censor审查censorious 挑剔的，挑刺的acre /＇eik[/ n.英亩１acre＝４０４７square metersfootball pitch 足球场 football yard football court football fieldbe content with 满足于满足作表语，不能出现定语结构He is content with status quo.contented heart :心满意足的人spare /spZ[/ v. 不伤害，宽恕 spare me He doesn't spare himself.I spare no efforts to learn english.( spare no efforts: 不遗余力作什么)Notes on the textwhy, you may wonder－you may wonder why插入语先不管插入语，弄清句子结构you may wonder why spiders should be our friends？插入语位置不固定why以疑问句开头why,you may wonder,the problem of pollution befalls human beings.why,you may wonder,one of my friends is so kindhearted.destroy程度比damage要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光tear into piecesgreatest enemies:天敌 dying enemy crying enemydear enemyhuman race:人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词impossible 和possible 永远不要以人开头It is impossible for somebody to do something.likely可以以人做主语。