临床麻醉学 （Clinical Anesthesiology） 绪论 （Introduction）
The term “anesthesia”( 麻醉) is derived from Greek Word, it means “lack of feeling or sensation ” or“privation of senses ” im plying lack of appreciation. The usual concept for anesthesia relates primarily to the prevention of pain perception during an operation or an invasive procedure . But , this concept is out of date now.
The increasing complex nature of operations
sparked the development of anesthesia . Advance
in related basic science especially in research in
anesthesia per se ,and the development of new
thiopental (硫喷妥钠)
· benzodiazepines
( 苯二氮卓类药 )
diazepam （地西泮） 1959
midazolam (咪达唑仑) 1976
· others:
sodium hydroxybutyrate , r-oH (羟丁酸钠)1960
ketamine
△propofol
2、Modern anesthesiology （1）Inhalational Anesthesia (吸入麻醉)
1844 Horace wells N2 0 (氧化亚氮)
△ 1846 William T.G. Morton Ether (乙醚)
1847 James Simpson chloroform(氯仿)
decades ,anesthesiology(麻醉学) has emerged as
a clearly defined specialty and firmly establis modern anesthesiology may be devided into 3 stages : 1、麻醉（anesthesia）
agents ,adjuvants , eguipments, technigues and capacity of sustaining life had changed and broadened anesthesia into a discipline concerned with more than relief of pain . over the past 5~6
(氯胺酮) 1970
1972 (丙泊酚) 1983
etomidate (依托咪酯)
(3) opioids
△ fentanyl (芬太尼)
sufentanil (舒芬太尼) alfentanil (阿芬太尼) △ remifentanil (瑞芬太尼)
(4) Muscle Relaxants (肌肉松弛药)
2、临床麻醉学(Clinical anesthesiology)
3、麻醉与危重病医学(anesthesiology and critical care medicine) department of anesthesiology and resuscitation department of anesthesiology and critical care
△ 1920 Arthur E. Guedel was the first to elaborate
on the signs of general anesthesia
△ Magill Endotracheal intubation (气管内插管)
△1927
Ralph waters
sodalime (钠石
灰)
1956 halothane (氟烷)
1972 enflurane (恩氟烷)
1981 isoflurane (异氟烷) 1990 sevoflurane (七氟烷) 1992 desflurane (地氟烷)
（2）Intravenous anesthesia (静脉麻醉)
· 1934
Lundy 和waters
medicine .
一、麻醉学发展简史 (The history of anesthesia )
1、Ancient times （ 1 ） Acupuncture analgesia << 内 经 >>475~221 B.C. （2）华陀(141~203 )麻沸散 （3）Ancient Egyptians used The combination of opium poppy and hyoscyamus （4）The Incas may be the earliest to use local anesthesia .
In general , anesthesia can be defined
as a drug-induced or physical
factors-induced
state
of
reversible
functional depression of part of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system,which is characterized by loss of sensation ,especially pain perception .
△ 1942 curare (箭毒)
Succinylcholine (琥珀胆缄) Mivacurium (米库氯铵) Now , the relaxants in common use include