高中英语常用词形变化规则精编一、动词1. 动词过去式和过去分词1). 一般在动词原形后加-ed look --- looked; need--- needed2). 以-e结尾的动词加-d move --- moved3). 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,再加-ed carry --- carried; study--- studied;以元音字母加y结尾的词,直接加-ed stay--- stayed; destroy---destroyed4).以重读闭音节结尾的单词,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-ed. stop--- stopped; regret --- regretted 知识链接:重读闭音节三要素(1)一个元音字母后跟一个或几个辅音字母,必须是重读音节; (例如prohibit这个词,重读音节在-hi,而不在-bit,就不要双写t. prohibit---prohibited)(2)以一个辅音音素结尾;(例如fix,结尾的辅音音素为两个:/ks/,就不要双写x, fix---fixed;snow结尾为双元音/əư/,也不要双写w.(3)元音字母发短元音。
[æ] [e] [i] [ɔ] [ư]5). 以-r音节(重读)结尾的词,双写r字母,再加-ed. refer ---referred; prefer --- preferred ;如果-r音节不重读,则不用双写:offer---offered6). 以-l结尾的动词,如果是重读闭音节,双写l, 再加-ed, 例如:control---controlled;如果不重读,双写不双写l均可,例如travel---travelled/ traveled; quarrel---quarrelled / quarreled2. 动词-ing变化规则1). 一般情况下,直接在动词后加-ing work --- working; sleep --- sleeping; study--- studying2). 动词以不发音的-e结尾,要去-e加-ing take --- taking; make ---making; dance --- dancing3). 重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母,再加-ing cut--- cutting;put ---- putting; begin ---- beginning4). 以-ie结尾的动词,把变成y再加-ing lie ---- lying ; tie ---- tying; die ---- dying5). 以-l结尾的动词,如果是重读闭音节,双写l, 再加-ing, 例如:control---controlling; 如果不重读,双写不双写l均可,例如travel---travelling/ traveling; quarrel---quarrelling / quarreling(注意:辅音之后y变i, 现在分词是例外。
)3. 动词第三人称单数的变化规则:1) 一般情况下,词尾加s,如;like----likes, want----wants.2) 以s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的加es,如,watch---watches, go---goes3) 以y结尾的归两大类:元音字母+y要加s,如play----plays ;辅音字母+y要变y为i+es如study---studies二、名词1. 规则的可数名词的复数变化:1).一般情况加s :book-- books mouth---mouths house---houses girl---girls2).以s 、sh 、ch 、x结尾的加es :class--- classes box----boxes match----matches注意:(1) 以-th结尾的名词直接加-s如:mouth—mouths path—paths ; month—months, ninth—ninths, youth—youths.(2) stomach---stomachs (ch发/k/)13).辅音字母+ y结尾的变y为i加es:city---cities country----countries party----parties factory----factories4).以o 结尾的词+es的只有以下词:heroes Negroes;tomatoes;potatoes(黑人英雄喜欢吃土豆和番茄),以o 结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母+s radios, zoos, bamboos ,kangaroos,studios, 还有pianos ,kilos,photos还有一些两种变化均可:zeroes/ zeros; mosquitoes/ mosquitos; volcanoes/ volcanos; mottoes/ mottos5) .以f,fe 结尾的变f或fe为v +es :thief wife life knife wolf half leaf shelf ,self(口诀:妻子拿刀去宰狼,小偷吓得心发慌,躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光)注意:直接加-s的有:belief---beliefs, chief---chiefs, grief---griefs(悲伤的事), cliff---cliffs, roof---roofs, safe---safes两种变化都可以的有:handkerchief---handkerchiefs/ handkerchieves; scarf(围巾); hoof(马蹄); dwarf (矮人)2. 不规则的变化1).man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese(鹅), child—children, mouse—mice, phenomenon---phenomena, crisis---crises; criterion---criteria,medium---media2).单复数相同: sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese , Swiss, craft, means, series, species3).以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.例如a man servant—three men servants 但boy 与girl不要变化a girl student---three girl students4) 合成词的单数变复数,一般在词尾加-s/-es,如有名词作为中心词,则加在该名词后。
如:grown-up---grown-ups; passer-by---passers-by; mother-in-law---mothers-in-law三、形容词和副词1. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级变化规则1) .一般单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est;●单音节词如:small→smaller→smallest ;short→shorter→shortest ; tall→taller→tallest ; great→greater→greatest●双音节词如:clever→cleverer→cleverest ; narrow→narrower→narrowest2).以不发音e结尾的单音节词,比较在原级后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st;如:large→larger→largest; nice→nicer→nicest; able →abler→ablest3) .在重读闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est;如:big→bigger →biggest; hot→hotter→hottest; fat→fatter→fattest4).以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est;如:easy→easier →easiest; heavy→heavier→heaviest; busy→busier→busiest; happy→happier→happiest5).其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加the most;如:beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful; different→more different→most different ; easily→more easily→most easily6)不规则变化:good/ well better best many / much more most far farther/further ,farthest/furthestbad/badly/ill worse worst little less least old older/elder oldest / eldest(三坏两好,二多一少,2两远两老)2. 形容词变副词的规则容词变副词通常是加ly,其变化有规律可循,请记住以下口诀:一般直接加,―元e‖去e加,―辅y‖改i加,―le‖结尾e改y。
分别举例如下:quick---quickly; true---truly; happy---happily; possible----possibly具体规则如下:1) .一般情况下直接加―ly,如:quick---quickly; polite---politely; sad---sadly; immediate---immediately; recent---recently2). 少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly。
如:true-truly; due-duly绝大多数辅音字母加e结尾的形容词直接加-ly。
如:polite-politely; wide-widely; wise-wisely; nice-nicely 3). 以―y‖结尾的,且读音为/ i /,先将―y‖改成―i‖,再加―ly‖,如:happy---happily; heavy---heavily; angry---angrily; busy---busily 但是如果读音为/ ai /,直接加ly,如:dry-dryly; sly-slyly (狡猾的); shy---shyly 4).以ic 结尾的词,加ally,如:economic---economically; basic---basically; scientific---scientifically; automatic---automatically; energetic---energetically;5).以辅音字母加le结尾时,去e加y,如:simple---simply; considerable---considerably; terrible---terribly; gentle---gently; possible---possibly; probable---probably; incredible---incredibly元音字母加le时加ly,如:sole-solely。