1.动词(v.)→名词(n.)(a)词形不变,词性改变例如:work, study, water, plant等可以用作动词(工作,学习,浇水,种植),也可以用作名词(工作,学习,水,植物).(b)一些动词在词尾加上-er或-or之后就变成了表示"某一类人"的名词例如:work—worker, teach—teacher, sing—singer,jump—jumper, play—player, learn—learner,visit—visitor, invent—inventor, collect—collector等.注意:1)以不发音的e结尾的动词,在词尾加-r.例如:drive—driver, write—writer等.2)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-er例如：run—runner, win—winner, begin—beginner等.(c)在动词词尾加上-ment 变成名词例如:achieve—achievement (成就)advertise—advertisement例如:argue—argument(争论)(d)在动词词尾加上-(t)ion/(s)ion变成名词例如:attract—attraction; instruct—instruction; invent—invention discuss—discussion; express—expression educate—education; graduate—graduation; operate—operation (去e再加"ion")compete—competition; organize—organization (把e改成其他字母再加"tion")decide—decisionconclude—conclusion (把de改为s再加"ion")describe—description描写,描绘 (这是特例,不规则变化)(e)在动词词尾加上-ance变成名词例如: appear—appearance (外貌;出现)perform—performance (演出)accept—acceptance (接受)(f)在动词词尾加-ing变成名词 (方法与动词变为现在分词的方法相同)例如:meet—meeting build—building wait—waitingbathe—bathing say—saying(谚语) mean—meaningend —ending train—training wash—washing注意:以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ing 如:swim—swimming shop—shopping begin—beginning(g)其他一些比较特殊的变化例如:beg(乞讨)—beggar(乞丐)behave(行为举止)—behavior know(知道)—knowledge(知识)fly—flight (飞行)heat (加热)—heat(热量) hit (撞击)—hit( 轰动一时的人或物,碰撞) mix (混合)—mixture(混合物)press(按,压)—pressure(压力)sit(坐)—seat (座位)succeed—success(成功)tour—tour(旅游)/ tourist (游客)2.动词(v.)→形容词(adj.)(a)动词后面加able,以e结尾的动词则去e加able,表示具有此性质,特点或属性.例如: afford－affordable；love－lovable(b)动词后面加ed,以e结尾的动词则直接加d,表示被动性的属性或特点.例如: scatter－scattered use－used （赵科翔，注意下，这个就是我们所讲的非谓语动词作定语的情况）(c)不规则的动词则必须记忆,记住其过去分词形式.规律不大,意义同(b).3.名词(n.)→形容词(adj.)(a)在名词后面加-y可以变成形容词(尤其是一些与天气有关的名词)例如:rain—rainy, cloud—cloudy, wind—windy, snow—snowy, health—healthy, luck—lucky,anger—angryguilt—guilty(内疚的)tourist—touristy(游客多的) ,salt (盐)—salty (咸的)silk(丝绸)—silky(丝绸般的),sleep—sleepy (昏昏欲睡的)注意:1)如果以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,这时应双写辅音字母再加"-y".如: sun—sunny, fun—funny, fog—foggy(有雾的), fur—furry(毛皮的) 2)少数以不发音的e结尾的名词变为形容词时,应去掉e再加"-y".如: noise—noisy, ice—icy, shine—shiny(发亮的), taste(口味)—tasty(甜的)(b)名词后面加-ed,以e结尾的直接加d.例如: spot(斑点)—spotted(有斑点的); talent—talented (有天赋的) organize—organized 有组织的; balance—balanced(平衡的) (c)一些抽象名词在词尾加-ful可以变为形容词例如:care—careful, thank—thankful, help—helpful,use—useful, meaning—meaningful(d)在名词后加-less构成含有否定意义的形容词例如:care—careless(粗心的), use—useless(无用的)hope—hopeless(没希望的)，home—homeless(无家可归的)(e)一些以-ce结尾的名词,把-ce改为-t变成形容词例如: difference—different, silence—silent, confidence—confident(f).在名词后加-ly变为形容词例如: friend—friendly, love—lovely, live---lively(g).在名词后加-ous变为形容词例如: danger—dangerous(h)名词后面加-al变为形容词例如: music—musical; medicine—medical (这个比较特殊)(i)名词后面加-able变为形容词,如果以e结尾就去e再加"-able".例如: adjust—adjustable 可调整的 value—valuable有价值的(j)名词后面加-en变成形容词例如: wood—wooden 木制的 wool—woolen 羊毛的(k)一些表示国家的名词可以在词尾加-ese, -ish或-n构成表示国籍,语言的形容词例如: China—Chinese, Japan—Japanese, England—English,America—American, India—Indian, Australia —Australian(注意Canada—Canadian)4.形容词(adj.)→副词(adv.)▲一般在形容词的词尾加-ly可以变成副词例如: quick—quickly, slow—slowly, loud—loudly, sudden—suddenly 等但是,以下几点值得注意：(a) 一些以"辅音字母+y"结尾的形容词,要把y改为i再加-ly例如: happy—happily, angry—angrily, lucky—luckily, heavy—heavily, noisy—noisily(b) 有些以-ble或-le结尾的形容词,去掉e加-y例如:possible—possibly, terrible—terribly(c)少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly例如: true—truly但绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly 例如: polite—politely, wide—widely (d)以-l结尾的形容词变为副词时要在词尾加-ly,以-ll结尾的才在词尾只加-y.例如: usual—usually, careful—carefully, useful—usefullyfull—fully (以-ll结尾的才只加y)1.ability (n. )能力；才能---able (a.)---unable (a..) —disability (n. ) —disabled(a.)be able to do…= be capable of doing2.absence (n. ) 缺席；不在 --- absent (a.) ---present (a..) – presence (n.)3.absolute (a.) 绝对的；完全的---absolutely (adv.)4.abundant (a.) 丰富的；充裕的 ---abundance (n.)5.accept (v.) 接受---acceptable (a.)可接受的 - –refuse (opp.) 拒绝6.access (n.) 通路，入门；（v.）接近；存取 ---accessible (a.)have access to（to为介词）可以使用；可以接触7.accurate (a.) 正确的，精确的 --- accuracy (n.) –accurately (adv.)--(opp.)inaccurate 不准确8.achieve (v.) 取得，达到 --- achievement (n.)9. acquire (v.) 获得，学到 --- acquisition (n.)10.act (n. ) 法令，条例；（v.）表演；行动---action (n.) –active (a.) 主动的—inactive(a.) —actively (adv.) —activity (n. ) 活动 --passive (a.) 被动的 ---actor (n.)–actress (n.)11.actual (a.) 实际的；现实的–actually (adv.) = as a matter of fact12.adapt (v.) 使适应；改编 ---adaptation (n.) 适应，顺应；改编，改编本---adaptable(a.) 有适应能力的adapt oneself to 适应于; adapt…(for sth.) from sth. 改编13.addict (n.) 成瘾的人 ---addicted (a.) –addition (n.) ---addictive (a.) 使成瘾的；上瘾的；易令人沉溺的 be addicted to （to为介词）对…上瘾14.adjust (v.) 调整，使适应 ---adjustment (n.) --- adjustable (a.)15.admire (v.) 钦佩，羡慕 ---admiration (n.) --- admirable (a.)16.admit (v.) 承认，准许 ( admitted, admitted) --- admission (n.)17.adopt (v.) 收养，采用 ---adoption (n.) --- adopted (a.)18.advance (v.) 推进，促进；前进（n.）前进，提升—advanced (a.) 先进的;高等的19.advertise (v.) 为…做广告---advertisement (n.)20.advise (v.) 建议，劝告----adviser (n.) 顾问，忠告者 --- advice (n.) a piece ofadvice21.affect (v.) 影响 --- affection (n.) 影响，感情 = have an effect on22.age (n.) 年纪 --- aged (a.)老年的—elderly (a.)23.agree (v.) 同意--- agreement (n.) --- disagree (opp)—disagreement (n.)24.amaze (v.) 惊奇，震惊 --- amazement (n.) ---amazed (a.) –amazed (a.)to one’s amazement25.amuse (v.) 使…快乐 --- amusement (n.) – amused (a.) --- amusing (a.)to one’s amusement26.analyze (v.) 分析 --- analysis (n.) 35. anger (n.) 愤怒 --- angry (a.)27.announce (v.) 宣布, 宣告 --- announcement (n.) --- announcer (n.)28.annoy (v.) 使烦恼– annoyed (a.) --- annoying (a.) --- annoyance (n.)to one’s annoyance29.anxious (a.) 忧虑的，焦急的 --- anxiety (n.)30.apologize (v.) 道歉 --- apology (n.)apologize to sb. for sth.; make an apology to sb. for sth.因…事向某人道歉31.appear (v.) 出现 ---appearance (n.)外貌，外观；出现，露面32.apply (v.) 申请 , 应用--- application (n.) 申请表 --- applicant (n.) 申请人---applied (a.) 应用的33.appoint (v.) 约定，任命– appointment (n.) -----make an appointment 约会34.appreciate (v.) 欣赏，感激 --- appreciation (n.)35.approve (v.) 批准，同意 --- approval (n.) approve of…赞成----(opp.) disapprove(v.) 不赞成disapprove of…36.argue (v.) 争辩，辩论—argument (n.) 47. arrange (v.) 安排 --- arrangement (n.)37.assess (v.) 评价，估价 --- assessment (n.)38.assist (v.) 帮助，协助--- assistance (n.) 帮助，援助 ---assistant (n.) 助手，助理39.associate (v.) 联系，交往--- association (n.) --- associated (a.)40.assume (v.) 假定，采取 --- assumption (n.)41.astonish (v.) 使惊讶 --- astonished (a.) --- astonishing (a.) –astonishment (n.)42.attend （v.）参加，照料 -- attendance (n.)出席，参加 - -attender (n.) 出席者；参加者43.attention (n) 注意，专心--- attentive (a) –attentively (ad v.)44.aware (a.) 知道的，明白的 --- awareness (n.) be aware of45.behave (v.) 行为，守规矩 --- behavior (n.)46.belief (n) 信条，信念 ---（pl.） beliefs-- believe (v.) --- believable (a.) ---(opp.)unbelievable47.brave adj.勇敢的 ---bravery n.勇敢 ------coward n.懦弱的人, 胆小的人48.breath n. 呼吸, 气息 -----breathe v.呼吸, 发出 ----breathless adj. 气喘吁吁的49.bring vt. 拿来, 带来 ---brought(分去式)---brought（过去分词）50.care n.注意, 照料, vi.关心, 顾虑, 照顾, 喜爱vt.在意 ----careful(a.)----careless (a.)51.caution n.小心, 谨慎, 警告 vt.警告 ----cautious adj. 小心的，谨慎的52.certain adj.确定的, 某一个----certainly adv. -----certainty n. -----uncertaintyn.无常, 不确定53.challenge n.挑战 vt.向...挑战----challenging adj.具有挑战性的54.choice n.选择, 抉择, 精选品----choose v.选择, 选定(chose, chosen)55.collect vt. 收集----collection n. 收藏, 征收, 搜集品, 捐款----collective adj.集体的 n.集体fort n.安慰, 舒适 vt.安慰 ----comfortable adj.舒适的pete vi.比赛, 竞争 ----competition n.竞争, 竞赛 ----competitor n.竞争者---competitive adj. 竞争的；有竞争力的；（指人）好竞争的58.conclude v.作出结论vt.推断-----conclusion n. 结论59.confident adj.自信的, 确信的----confidence n.信心----confidently adv.信赖地, 安心地60.conduct n.行为, 操行v. 组织, 实施，管理-----conductor n. (乐队)指挥61.create vt.创造，产生（syn.）----produce creative adj - -creation n. 创造，创建 ----creativity n.创造力 ----creator n.创造者；创作者62.crowd n. 人群 vt. 拥挤----crowded adj. 拥挤的63.damage n&vt 毁坏，损害 -----do /cause damage to (the earth) 对...造成损害64.danger n.危险 dangerous adj. 危险的 endanger vt 使……濒临危险65.dead. adj. 死的 the dead/living ----death n. 死亡---deadly adj.致命的 die v. 死亡 dying adj. 垂死的，渴望的66.decide n.决定 decisive adj. 决定性的 decision n. make a decision67.declare vt.声明；断言 --- declaration n.68.decrease/increase n&v. 减少/增加--- increase/decrease to/by 20%69.defend vt. 防守，保卫 ---defense in defense of 为保护某人为……辩护70.deliberate adj. deliberately adv.故意地 ---on purpose71.delight n 快乐；乐事 delighted adj.be delighted with/by/at sb/sth to one’s delight 使某人高兴的是72.depend vi依赖；依靠---- dependent adj. 依赖的 --- independent adj.独立的73.describe vt.描述，描写 description n.74.develop v. 发展，使发达，开发冲洗（照片）development (n)with the development of developing world/developed worlddevelop an interest in sthdevelop a new product75.devote vt.把……奉献于；devote oneself/one’s life/one’s energy/time tosth/doing sth devotion n.忠心，奉献精神 be devoted to sb 挚爱某人，对……全心全意76.differ vi. --- different difference n.77.difficult adj. difficulty n.困难78.disable v.使…残疾 ---disabled adj.残疾的 ---disability n.79.disappear vi. 消失（反）-- appear ---disappearance n. (反) appearance80.disappoint vt.使……失望 disappointment n.81.discover vt.发现 discovery n. make a discovery82.discuss vt discussion n.讨论83..distance n.距离 distant adj.远的，遥远的 in the distance 在远方84.distinguish v.辨别---distinction n 差别；名声85.distribute v.分布，分配 distribution n. 分配 distribute sth to /among sb把…分发/分配给…86.disturb vt.打扰；扰乱 ----disturbed adj.心神不宁的，心烦意乱的 ---disturbing adj.引起烦恼的；令人不安的87.donate v.捐赠 donate sth to sb将…捐给… donation n.cate v.教育 educator教育者 education n. ---receive a good education受到良好的教育89.effect n.效果，作用 effective adj.有效果的 affect v. 影响90.elect v. election n.选举91.electricity n. 电 electric adj.电的 electrical adj. 电气的---electronic adj. 电子的92.embarrass v.使……尴尬 embarrassed adj. ---embarrassing adj.令人尴尬的，难为情的---embarrassment n.93.employ v.雇佣 employer n. 雇主，老板 employee n. 雇工，雇员----employment n. 雇用，使用，职业 unemployment n. 失业94.encourage v.鼓励 --- discourage vt. 使……泄气 --- encouragement n. 鼓励 couragen.勇气95.energy n.精力，能量 energetic adj.精力旺盛的 be full of energy=be energetic96.enjoy vt. 欣赏，喜欢；享受……之乐趣 --- enjoyable adj.愉快的；有趣的 enjoymentn.享受;令人愉快的事物97.entertain v.招待，款待；使有兴趣；使快乐 entertainment n. 娱乐活动---entertainingadj. 有趣的，使人愉快的98.exhibit vt. 展览; n.展品 exhibition n.展览，展览会99.exist vi.存在 existence n.生存，存在 ---existing adj 现存的，现行的100.expect vt.预料，盼望；认为---expectation n.期望，预期live up to your parents’ expectation不辜负父母的期望have high expectation on sb.对某人有很高的期望101.expense n.消费，支出以……为代价 ---expensive / costly/dear adj.昂贵的102.explain vt.解释 explanation n. 解释，说明103.explode v.使爆炸 explosion n. explosive adj. 爆炸的;易爆炸的104.express v. 表达；表示 ---expression n.表情，表达，105.fail v. 失败；不及格；衰退 failure n.106.fluency n.流利, 流畅, 雄辩---fluent adj. fluently adv.107.fool n. 愚人, 白痴, 莽汉, vt. 愚弄, 欺骗 ---foolish adj.108.fortune n.财富, 运气, 好运, 命运---fortunate adj. ----fortunately unfortunately adv.109.free adj.自由的, 免费的, 空闲的-----freedom n. ----freely adv.110.freeze v.(使)结冰, (使)冷冻, 冻结---(froze, frozen) ---freezing adj.冰冻的, 严寒的111.frequent adj. 时常发生的, 频繁的 ---frequency n.频率, 周率, 发生次数---frequently adv.112.friend n. ------friendly adj.友好的, 友谊的 ---friendship n.友谊, 友好ern v. 统治, 支配, 管理 ----governor n.统治者, 管理者 ---government n.政府114.gradual adj.逐渐的, 逐步的 ----gradually adv.115.grateful adj.感激的, 感谢的 ----gratitude n.感谢；感恩 (不可数)116.guide n .领路人, 导游者vt. 指导, 支配, 管理, 带领 -----guidance n.指导, 领导117.happy adj.快乐的, 幸福的-----happiness n. -----happily adv.118.hard adj.硬的, 坚固的adv.努力地, 辛苦地 -----hardship n. 困苦, 艰难, 辛苦119.harm vt.伤害, 损害 n.伤害, 损害-----harmful adj. (be harmful to)120.health n. 健康，卫生-----(in good health)-----healthy adj.121.help n.帮忙 vt.帮助, 助长------helpful adj. ---helpfully adj.无助的, 无能的, 没用的122.hesitate v.犹豫, 踌躇, 不愿----hesitation n.犹豫, 踌躇 ---without hesitation毫不犹豫123.honest adj.诚实的, 正直的----honesty n.诚实, 正直 ----dishonest adj.不诚实的124.hope n.希望, 信心v.希望, 盼望 (hoped, hoping) ----hopeful adj.怀有希望的, 有希望的 hopeless adj.没有希望的, 绝望的, 不可救药 ---with the hope of怀着…希望125.hunger n.饥饿, 欲望, 渴望 v.饥饿----hungry adj. -----a hunger for kindness 渴望得到恩惠(hunger 作名词) ------hunger for friends 极想有朋友（hunger作动词）126.impossible adj.不可能的 ---possible adj.可能的 ----possibility n.可能性, 可能发生的事物127.impress vt. 印, 盖印, 留下印象----impression n. 印象, 感想----impressive adj. 给人印象深刻的，感人的;引人注目的128.independent adj.独立自主的, 不受约束的-----independence n.独立, 自主----dependent adj. 依靠的, 依赖的----dependence n.依靠, 依赖, 信任, 信赖129.injure vt.损害, 伤害-----injury n.伤害, 侮辱 injured adj. 受伤的；受损害的130.inspect vt.检查, 视察----inspection n.检查, 视察131.insure vt.给...保险----insurance n.保险, 保险单, 保险业, 保险费132.intelligence n.智力, 聪明, 智能-----intelligent adj.聪明的, 伶俐的, 有才智的133.invent vt.发明, 创造----invention n. inventor n.134.invite vt.邀请, 引起----invitation n. -----accept [decline] an invitation 接受[拒绝]邀请135.judge n.法官, 审判员, 裁判员 vt.审理, 鉴定, 判断----judgment n.审判, 判决, 判断力136.just adj.正义的, 公正的------justice n.正义, 正当, 公平 (adv. 正好, 仅仅, 刚才)137.kind n.种类, 性质adj.仁慈的, 和蔼的, 亲切的, 友爱的-----kindness-----kindly adv.温和地, 亲切地st adj 最后的反义词first（无比较级和最高级）----lastly 最后（一点）lasting adj 持久的，永恒的ugh v. 笑，大笑----n.笑声----n. laughter burst into laughter 爆发出笑声y－laid－laid 摆；搁；放lie―lay―lain v. 平躺，卧；位于；躺下；在于；lie－lied－lied说谎 n 谎言，假话――tell a lie lay-laid-laid 放置，下蛋141.likely adj 很可能的，可期待的---…. adv.或许, 很可能(多用于most, very 之后) sb. be likely to do某人很可能会做142.live adj. 活的生动的, 精力充沛的, 实况转播的, 点燃的----lively adj.活泼的, 活跃的, 栩栩如生的, 真实的---- living adj.活的, 逼真的, 现存的143.long adj. 长的, 长期的 --vi.渴望, 热望long for…/ long to do ---adv.长期地, 始终----length n.长度, 长, 时间的长短 ----lengthen v.延长, (使)变长----lengthened adj. 加长的144.luck n.运气,命运；好运;幸运; 吉祥物----lucky adj幸运的,好运的---- luckily adv. 幸运地;幸好----unluckily 不幸地;倒霉地145.manage vi.处理, 应付过去----manager n.经理, 管理人员, 管理器----management n.经营, 管理, 处理, 操纵146.mean adj.低劣的, 卑鄙的, , 吝啬的 ----meaning n. 意义, 含意, 意图----meaningful adj.意味深长的----meaningless adj无意义的147.medical adj.医学的, 内科的, (医)药的――medical care---medicine n药, 医学, 内科学148.move .v移动, 搬家--movement n 运动, 动作 ----moving / moved adj149.music n 音乐, 乐曲――musical adj音乐的, 悦耳的；n.音乐喜剧――musician n 音乐家150.nature n.自然, 自然界, 大自然, 自然状态, 本性, 天性----natural adj.自然的, 自然界的; 天生的, 天赋的 --naturally adv自然地;天生地;不用人工地151.necessary a.必要的, 必需的, 必然 unnecessary adv.必要地----necessity n.必要性, 需要,必需品152.paint(油漆) n././ n..---painting n.153.participate(参加) n.154.particular(尤其) adv.155.patience（耐心）n. ---patient n/adj. —patiently /adv156.peace （和平）/ /adj.157.perform（表演）v. ---performer n. ---performance n158.permit（允许）v. ---permit n.许可，许可证 ---permission159.person个人）n. --- personal adj. ----personally adv ---personality个性，人品160.persuade（说服） v ----persuasive adj161.pollute（污染） v. ---pollution n.162.possess（拥有） v. ----possession n.163.possible （可能的）adj ----possibly adv ----possibility n.164.practice（实践）n. -----practice v. ----practical adj165.prefer （更喜欢） v. ------preference n.166.present（礼物/出席） n./v. ----presentation n. 陈述;报告;介绍;赠送167.probable（可能的） adj ----probably adj168.protect（保护） v ---protection n.169.punish （惩罚） v----punishment n.170.real（真正的） adj ---really adv ---reality n. 现实，现实性;真实情况171.receive （接收）v. ----receiver n.接受者，收款员；接收器---reception n.接待；欢迎；招待会 ---receptionist n.接待员172.regular (有规律的)adj ---regularly adv. ---regulation n. 管理；规章；规则(regulations)173.relate(相关) v. —relation n. ---relationship n.174.rely(信赖) adj (参考) v. ----reference n.175.require (需求) v. ------requirement n.176.reserve v. 储备；保留；预约 n.保存，储备，储存-----reservation n.177.retire (退休) v---retirement n.178.resist（抵制） v ----resistance n.179.respond （回应/响应）v. ----responsible adj（责任） ---responsibility n. 180.sad sadly adv. ---sadness n; 同义词unhappy, upset; 反义词happy181.safe adj 安全--- safely adv. ---safety safe n.保险箱，保险柜 ---secure adj.---security n.182.sale n.卖，出卖；销售额，销售 ---sell vt ; for sale待售；--salesman (pl.) (pl.) saleswomen183.satisfy vt.使满意 ----satisfactory adj 令人满意的 ----satisfied（感到）满意的 ----adj. satisfying adj令人满意的 ----satisfaction n 满意;184.seat n.& v.座位，使坐下； seated adj. Be seated.请坐下。