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• 7. The police noticed some discrepancies in his description of the crime and did not believe him. • 8. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was a catastrophe that destroyed most of the city. • 9. Deep in her book, Nancy was oblivious to the noisy squabbles of her brother and his friends. • 10. Times of economic hardship inevitably encourage the proliferation of countless get-rich-quick schemes. • 11. Freddy was so overwhelmed by the profusion of choices on the menu that he knocked over his wine glass and soaked his host. • 12. For many years an unheralded research, Barbara McClintock gained international renown when she won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. • 13. Because we were running out of time, the lecturer had to abbreviate her speech. • 14. On the castle battlements, an apparition materialized and spoke to Hamlet, warning him of his uncle’s treachery. • 15. Mark refused to concede that she was right.
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Pick out the more impressive one and give your reasons. • • • • • • • • • 1. a. The child was happy. b. The child giggled as the mother shook her toy monkey. 2. a. He stumbled along with his friend supporting him. b. He seemed to have difficulty in walking along. 3. a. One tottering windmill broke the flat horizon. b. A feeling of loneliness and vastness pervaded the scene. 4. a. I found that flies were practically wiped out in China. b. During my two-week travel in China, I only saw two flies. 5. a. The wolf paced back and forth, sniffing the ground; he raised his head and howled sharply twice, then paced and sniffed again. • b. The animal gave a sign of restlessness.
English Rhetoric
Chapter Four The Three Levels of Rhetorical Operations: Choice of Sentences
• Replace the italicized words with simple, everyday words or expressions: • 1. The pungent odour of sulfuretted hydrogen resembles that of rotten eggs. • 2. As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear. • 3.I cannot recall when I have had such a sumptuous Thanksgiving feast. • 4. The cactus has adapted to survive in an arid environment. • 5. When Edward VII abdicated the British throne to marry the woman he loved, he surprised the entire world. • 6. Although we were encompassed by enemy forces, we were cheerful for we were well stocked and could withstand a siege until our allies joined us.
(2) Functional classification groups sentences according to whether they make a statement, ask a question, issue a command, or express an exclamation. (3) Rhetorical classification groups sentences according to where the main idea is located in the sentence. (4) According to the number of words in a sentence, sentences can be grouped into short and long sentence.
complex sentence: contains one main clause and at least one dependent clause, with a connective word denoting the relation between them.
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2 Types of sentences
2.1 Grammatical classification: Simple sentence : consists of only one clause. The subject or the predicate, or both, may be compound. E.g. The trailer is surrounded by a wooden deck.
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• 9. a. The unavailability of imported foods was simply beyond their expectations. • b. They never thought that they were unable to get imported foods. 10. a. A great many of the students in the class lack the ability of being able to speak fluently. • b . Many students in the class lack the ability of speaking fluently. • 11.a. There are sixteen boys attending the crash course. • b. Sixteen boys attend the crash course.
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1. Classification of sentences
1.1 Seeking sentence variety
(1) What does sentence variety deal with? Different sentence patterns Varied sentence lengths (2) What does sentence variety aim at? Avoid monotony in one’s speech or writing
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• 1. Classification of sentences • 2. Types of Sentences
2. 1 Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex 2. 2 Declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory 2. 3 Loose, periodic, balanced sentences 2. 4 Long and short sentences
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பைடு நூலகம்
• 6.a. Our target must be a concrete ceiling. • b. Let’s aim high but realistically. • 7. a. There has been persistent instability in numbers of staff. • b. The staff has continually varied in number. • 8. a. There exists a considerable lack of knowledge of the competition mechanism in the socialist marketing system. • b. We do not know much about the competition mechanisms in the socialist marketing system.