Combining forms are distinguished from affixes by their ability to occur as one constituent of a word whose only other constituent is an affix. e.g. autocracy hydrography telephone autocracy = auto [构词成分] + cracy (suffix) hydrography = hydro [构词成分] + graphy (suffix) telephone = tele [构词成分] + phone (suffix) From the point of view of derivation, no distinction should be made between combining forms and affixes in this book, in which all the combining forms are labeled either as prefixes or suffixes.
2) denationalized denationalized = de + nation + al + ize + d Root: nation Stem: denationalize Base: national → nation nationalize → national denationalize → nationalize denationalized → denationalize

The classification of compounding?
Compounds are classified b. Syntactic relation subject and verb 主谓关系 according to parts of verb and adverbial 动宾关 speech of the 系 compounds and verb and adverbial 谓状关 subdivided by the 系 syntactic relation of the compounding element. restrictive relation 限制关 系 a. Parts of speech coordinating relationship 1. n. compounds 并列关系 …… 2. adj. compounds 3. v. compounds
答案：C










风蚀岩石 weather-beaten rocks 日晒的健康肤色 suntanned (skin) 吹毛求疵的人 a fault-finding person 破纪录的速度 a record-breaking speed 免税的 tax-free 无忧无虑的 care-free 防火的 fire-proof 隔音的 sound-proof 滴水不漏的 water-tight 密封的，不漏气的 air-tight
undesirables = un + desire + able + s

Base:
desirable → desire (base) undesirable → desirable (base) undesirables → undesirable (base)

Base/词基: any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.




thunder-struck (houses) houses are struck by thunder / thunder struck the houses well-behaved (person) The person behave himself well. peace loving people people love peace an ocean-going (ship) A ship go across ocean.
The relative criteria of a compound
1. Orthographic criterion: Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid, hyphenated and open. E.g. flowerpot Solid: flowerpot Hyphenated: flower-pot Open: flower pot
A combining form[构词成分]: a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek, but which now occurs only in derivatives. e.g. autobiography hydromechanics television autobiography auto- = autos (Gk) = self self + life + write autoalarm autocracy (auto + alarm) (auto + cracy) (self + to + weapon) (self + ruling ) hydromechanics hydro- = hydòr (Gk) = water hydro-airplane hydrography dehydrate hydrogen television tele- = tele (Gk) = far off telecontrol telephone
3.2 Compounding 复合构词法
Questions: 1. What is compounding? 2. What are the relative criteria of a compound? 3. The classification of compounding?
What is compounding?

Apart from caring for her children, she has to take on such heavy _____ house work as carrying water and firewood. A. time-consumed B. timely-consumed C. time-consuming D. timely-consuming

Compounding / composition: a wordformation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit. e.g. flowerpot= flower + pot machine-independent = machine + independent back




desirable: desire (root or base, not stem) undesirable: desirable (base, not root, not stem) undesirables: undesirable (stem or base, not root) desired: desire (root, stem or base)



2. Phonological criterion: Compound accent: a main stress on the first element and secondary stress on the second element. Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the first element and the main stress on the second element.
E.g.
E.g. flowerpot workday backyard
Note: we can infer the meaning from the meaning of its component parts
red tape (官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程 序) dog days （the hottest day of the year） flatfoot (a policeman) blue blood (the quality of being a nobleman by birth) blue ribbon (an honor given to the winner of the first prize) Note: we cannot infer the meaning from the meaning of its component parts back
E.g. black list blackboard blue bottle

3. Semantic criterion: Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts.
affixation: a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word. e.g. recover = re + cover worker = work + er back