精品文档 精品文档一单元 [1.4] Hydraulic engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids,principally water ．整句的意思是：水利工程主要涉及流体的流动和传输，尤其是水 的流动和传输。
[1.5] As construction firms tend to have higher business risk than other types‘of civil engmeenng ． firms ．manY construction engineers tend to take on a role that is more business 。
like in nature ：drafiing and reviewing contracts ，evaluating logistical operations ，and cl osely 。
monitoring pnces of necessary supplies 。
整体的意思是：由于建筑公司比其他类型的民用建筑公司往往承担更高的商业风险，许多建筑工程师往往会本能地扮演一种公事公办的角色：起草和修改合同、评估后勤的运作、严密监控必需供应品的价格等。
结构工程 structural engineering 岩土工程 geotechnical engineering 水利工程 hydraulic engineering 海岸工程 coastal engineering 环境工程 environmental engineering 施工工程 construction engineering 6段 Its charter defined civil engineering as the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man ,as the means of production and of traffic in states, both for external and internal trade, as applied in the constructionof roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river nanvigation and docks for internal intercourse and exchang, and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses and in the art of navigation by artificial power for the purposes of commerce, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns. 把民用工程定义为直接为人类的使用和便利的自然界的伟大力量的来源的艺术，也定义为在各国的生产资料和交通手段，包括外部和内部的贸易，如为内部往来和交易为目的的道路，桥梁，沟渠，运河、航运和码头的建设中的应用，在港口、码头、防浪堤、防波堤和灯塔的建设中的应用，在以商业为目的的人工航运的应用，在建筑和机械以及城镇排水系统中应用的。
二单元 [1]In many countries the ratio of concrete consumption to steel consumption exceeds ten to one.在许多国家,水泥消费与钢铁消费的比例已经超过了十比一. [2]Therefore,the selection and proportioning of materials for the concrete mixture was governed primarily by consid eration of the spread of construction by slip-forming and durability of hard ened concrete to the hostil e environment.所以,混凝土材料和配比的选择主要考虑滑模施工速度的影响,以及不利环境中坚硬混凝土耐久性的影响. [3]Depe nding on the components’ transportation cost, in certain geographical locations the price of concrete may be as high as U.S. 75 to $100 per cubic meter, at other it may be as low as U.S. $60 to $70 per cubic meter. 根据材料的运输成本,在某些特定地区,水泥的价格会高达每立方米75至100美元,而在其他地方则会低至每立方米60至70美元. [4]Since an adequate concrete cover on reinforcement or tendons is required for structural integrity in reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, the protection against failure due to excessive heat is provid ed at the same time. 由于在钢筋混凝土和预应力钢筋混凝土结构中,要求有一个足够结实的混凝土封面来确保建筑的一体性,所以,同时还要求必须提供因温度过高而导致失败的保护措施. 三单元 3.1.1 The placement location of the steel reinforcement within the concrete is specified by the concrete cover, which is the clear distance between the surface of the concrete and the reinforcement. 混凝土中加固钢筋的布置要根据混凝土覆盖层的具体情况决定，混凝土覆盖层和加固钢筋之间应保持有条理的间距。
3.1.2To construct concrete structures of even greater structural strength, very high-strength steel such as Grade 270 strands, may be used instead of Grade 60 reinforcement bars. 要建造更为坚固的混凝土结构，就要使用强度非常高的钢筋，例如，要使用270号得加固钢筋，而不是60号得。
3.1.3Therefore,designs that replicate member sizes and simplify reinforcement placement to result in easier and faster construction will usually result in being more economical than a design that achieves minimum material quantities.因此，那些复制了构件尺寸和简化钢筋位置的设计能促使更容易更快捷的建设，这样的建设通常会比那些只能获得最小量材料的设计显得更经济3.1.4The final design will generally be conservative even though the analysis does not refl ect the actual nonlinear structural behavior because member design is based on ultimate strength design and the ductility of reinforced concrete enable force redistributions.最终的设计通常是保守的，即使这种分析没有表现出实际上的非线性结构行为，但因为构件设计是建立在极限强度基础之上，而且钢筋混凝土的延展性又使强度进行了重新分配。
力矩：moment 轴力：axial force 剪力：shear force 扭矩：torsion 构件：member 内力：internal force 混凝土隔板：concrete diaphragm3.3what design criteria is for reinforced concrete ？ Safety 、Aesthetics 、functional requirement 、economy 。
第六单元 6-1 The vertical l egs and the horizontal links are themselves frames with large dimensions in the plane of the frame. 垂直支架和水平连接的自身就是在一个平面结构上拥有巨大尺寸的框架结构 6-2 the corner truss legs need strong horizontal connections at frequent modular intervals to make them function together like an equival ent cantil ever 为了使角落桁架支柱的功能等效于等效悬臂，它需要强有力的有频繁模块化间隔的横向连接来保证 6-3 the aerodynamic behaviour was greatly assisted by the apertures which reduced the cross-wind accelerations and forces due to vortex shed ding by as much as 25% 由于涡脱落多达25％从而降低了风切变加速度和力的孔大大增强了空气动力性能。