新编英语教程8 （第一单元~第六单元、第八单元）笔记整理。

包括：新编英语教程8的课后句子改写paraphrase参考答案。

新编英语教材学生用书8部分重点课文解读和课后答案。

Paraphrases:第一单元1.But, from the historical perspective, we are now a little more mature,realistic :four hundred years ago, people regarded happ in ess with won derme nt, thinking that it befell some one as a result of anin explicable arran geme nt made by the mysterious uni verse.2.Happ in ess in shakespeare's time, and even afterwards, was associated with wealth, success and positi on, which in some way, came upon a certa in pers on, who would express such an occasi on in the form of great joy or exciteme nt.3.Happ in ess is no Ion ger accide ntal,i ndeed, it becomes an objective to achieve.4.People defi nitely varied in their opinions as to what has give n rise to happ in ess and what happ in ess actually means.第二单元1.They were amazed at my being so stubbornly inquisitive over that issue, unable to figure out howi could be so ignorant of what was going on about so com mon place a practice in the america n econo mic and political life.2.When immorality prevails, it's practically no use talking convincingly about conscienee.3.Many americans are always preaching about human equality, but will take a firm stand against the issue of equal rights in their com mun ities and schools.4.It seems that they are also brave eno ugh to take the risk in reiterat ing their worry,which ,con seque ntly, makes them such un forgivable bores to those successful social climbers.5.Ultimately, only these people may hopefully help to create a society that is characterized by its moral stre ngth that leads to its con ti nu ous existe nee in stead of its moral degradati on that ends in tis destructi on.第三单元1.We tend to believe that we are a harmonious impartial and benevolent people, living under approved laws but not by the will of any in dividual in the gover nment.2.If we ignore this other aspect of the fact, we shall fail to look at our nation from an unbiased perspective.3.No mater how hard we persuaded ourselves to believe that indians and negroes were inferior to us, we ,in actual fact, were quite clear that they ,just like us, were God's childre n.4.The evidenee regarding such suppression as recorded in american history is amply supplied in america n literary works.5.What the whites refused to encounter in their description of the past was actually recounted in the dreams and fan tasies in artistic forms.第四单元1.From the footsteps of that frightened woman, i, for the first time ,realized that my being born a black has unfortun ately en abled people, at the sight of me, to adjust their dista nee from me in a most unfrien dly manner.2.I was also well aware that i looked exactly like a bad boy who would intrude, from time to time, into the n eighborhood from a slum n earby.3.To be a man, you must acquire the power to scare and subdue people.4.When i was a boy, i saw many juve nile deli nquents take n away by the cops.i have si nee atte nded several fun erals,too.5.I was not in a position to prove my identity. What i could think of was that i walk quickly to join some one who could verify who i was.第五单元1.But such case were sufficient in number to make it seem as if there were justification for thein creas ing fear of com muni sts.2.Joseph mccarthy thought it was high time that he should come upon the stage, declaring that he held a list of n ames of active com muni sts who were strivi ng to ruin the gover nment now.3.He was kept fully occupied, but he did n't seem to be successful.4.Then in wheeling that February evening at the beginning of the 50s, joe, at last, was fortunate eno ugh to have seized a won derful cha nee and ,like a meteor, started to climb up the political ladder.5.From that moment, it seemed that the senator had placed the entire country under his control.第六单元1,what the book tries to tell is that the iks have become an un alterably repulsive people, self-ce ntered, irrati onal ,incon siderate and un feeli ng, as a result of the dis in tegrati on of their traditi onal culture.2,it should be agreed first of all that huma n beings are an evil breed. Livi ng in this world all for nothing but their own in terests,a nd they may show some love and sympathy, simply because they were taught to develop such astheir habits.3,they n ever talk except whe n they make rude dema nds and impolite refusals.4,they will laugh to see ill luck befall other people.5,the Ion ely ik, bani shed in the desolati on of a vani shed culture, has found ano ther way to protect himself. 第八单元Un der the blows of peasa nt wars and kin gly conq uest, the isolated existe nee of early feudalism gave way to cen tralized mon archies.=peasa nt wars and mon archical triumphs con cluded the early separate feudal societies, and the uni fied and cen tralized kin gdoms assumed power.And in turn the great n ati onal adve ntures of the en glish and spa nish and portuguese sailor-capitalists brought a flood of treasure and treasure-c on scious nes s back to europe.=a n ati on wide fervor of seafari ng mercha nts in en gla nd, spa in and portugal to explore coun tries overseas con seque ntly brought back a lot of wealth and ren ewed a no ticeable wealth-aware ness among the europea n natio ns.=the attitude of christopher columbus was represe ntative of a time in history, which quicke ned the formatio n of a society characterized by an ambiti on for success and a crav ing for mon ey.=al ong with this social cha nge, there was little won der that power bega n to desce nd upon the mercha nts, because they were finan cially kno wledged, and depart from the con temptuous gen tleme n, because they were finan cially ignorant.=it was not so easy for bookkeep ing to be adopted as a n ecessary acco unting device, and double entry was notuni versally accepted as an acco unting mecha nism un til the 17 th cen tury第八单元课文解读The new scienceThe great chariot of society, which for so long had run down the gentle slope of tradition, now found itself powered by an internal combusti on engine. Tran sact ions and gain provided a new and startli ng motive force.What forces could have been sufficiently powerful to smash a comfortable and established world and institute in its place this new society. There was no single massive cause . Itwas not great even ts, sin gle adve ntures, in dividual laws, or charm ing personalities which brought about the economic revolution. It was a process of internal growth.First, there was the gradual emerge nee of n ati onal political spirit in Europe. Un der the blows of peasa nt wars and kin gly conq uest, the isolated existe nee of early feudalism gave way to cen tralized mon archies. A sec ond great current of change was to be found in the slow decay of the religious spirit under the impact of the skeptical, inquiring, humanist views of the Italian Renaissanee. Still another deep current lies in the slow socialchanges that eventually rendered the market system possible. In the course of this change, power naturally began to gravitate into the hands of those who understood money matters--the mercha nts---a nd away from the disda inful no bility,who did n ot. 在这个变化之中，权禾U 便自然而然地从那些鄙视财迷的高尚者的手中转入那些懂得经营钱财的商人的手中。