[0057]《英语词汇学》第一次作业[论述题]Exercise 1 DefinitionsDefine the following terms with illustrative examples.1. aliens2. denizens3. homophones4. metonymy5. dialect6. backformation7. acronym 8. semantic loan 9. bilingual dictionary 10. polysemy参考答案：Exercise 1 Definitions1. aliensAliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. These words are immediatelyrecognizable as foreign in origin. For examples, "coup d'état”, "résumé”, "régime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings.2. denizensDenizens are easily associated with already existing native words.They are successfully assimilated. They are foreign words which have been conformed to native English in accent, form (spelling) and even in adoption of an English affix. E.g. uncertain (the English prefix un- + certain, French by origin).3. homophonesHomophones are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. sun, son; piece and peace; etc.4. metonymyMetonymy is one way of meaning transference whereby the name of one thing is changed for that of another, to which it is related by association of ideas. For example, when I say "I am reading Shakespeare (meaning Shakespeare's works), I am using metonymy.5. dialectDialect refers to a variety of a language peculiar to some districts and having no normalized literary form. For example, Shanghai dialect is spoken peculiarly in Shanghai but there's no literary workpeculiarly written in Shanghai dialect.6. back formationBack formation is the word forming process by which a new word is formed by adding rather than subtracting elements. For example, "beg” is formed by cutting ?ar from the noun "beggar”.7. acronymAcronyms are formed from the initial letters of words, but arepronounced as a word. e.g. radar: radio detecting and ranging.8. semantic loanSemantic loan denotes the development in an English word of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language.For example, the En glish word "dream”, for instance, which originally meant joy, music, has taken its modern meaning from the Norse.9. bilingual dictionaryA bilingual dictionary involves two languages. The main entries aregenerally defined or explained in the same language with translations as Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation, etc.10. polysemyPolysemy is a linguistic phenomenon where a word has more than one meaning. For example, "show” means "exhibition, or spectacle, or entertainment” when used as a noun and it means quite differently when it is used as a verb.第二次作业[判断题]1.Every word is a unity of sound and meaning, and it is these aspectsthat make communication possible.参考答案：正确[判断题]2.In English as in any language the number of meanings is larger thanthe number of words.参考答案：正确[判断题]3.Both antonyms and synonyms could be best studied in relation to acontext.参考答案：正确[判断题]4.There are more native words than borrowed words in the Englishvocabulary.参考答案：错误[判断题]5."Sept” in "September” means "nine”.参考答案：错误[判断题]6.Every word has two aspects: the outer aspect ― written form and theinner aspect ― sound.参考答案：错误[判断题]7.The vocabulary of any language never remains stable, but isconstantly changing.参考答案：正确[判断题]8. Some affixes are free morphemes while some others are bound morphemes.参考答案：错误[判断题]9.No element can be changed in English idioms without destroying thesense as a whole.参考答案：正确[判断题]10.Old English is a language of full inflections.参考答案：正确[判断题]11."Learned words” in the English language refers to words of Frenchorigin.参考答案：错误[判断题]12."Popular words” mainly refer to words of French origin in theEnglish language.参考答案：正确[判断题]13."in the final” in "They are running in the final” means "the lastone”.参考答案：错误[判断题]14.Strictly speaking, in the English language, there are no two wordswhich are absolutely identical in meaning.参考答案：正确[判断题]15. "Manuscript” has gone through a process of extension of meaning to get its present meaning.参考答案：正确[判断题]16. We should put our hands on the deck, w hen we hear "All hands on deck” on a boat.参考答案：错误[判断题]pared with "calculate”, "work out” is more formal in meaning.参考答案：错误[判断题]18. In the word "modify”, the root is "mod”, the stem is "modi” and the suffix is "-fy”.参考答案：正确[判断题]19."cuckoo” is a phonetically motivated word.参考答案：正确[判断题]20.Most of the affixes are derived from Old English, or from Latin andGreek.参考答案：正确[判断题]21."wet day” is a compound.参考答案：错误[判断题]22.In the compound wo rd "blood test”, the second part, i.e. "test”,indicates the action upon the first part.参考答案：正确[判断题]23."biz” is a shortened word formed by back clipping.参考答案：正确[判断题]24.Absolute synonyms can be found in ordinary life, e.g. begin ―commence.参考答案：错误[判断题]25.If polysemy is viewed synchronically, it is understood as the growthand development.参考答案：错误[判断题]26.Simile, metaphor and personification are figures of speech basedon resemblances.参考答案：正确[判断题]27.The person saying "We are short of hands at harvest”, he is usingmetonymy.参考答案：错误[判断题]28.Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a mainstress on the first element and secondary stress on the second element.参考答案：正确[判断题]29.UNESCO is an initialism referring to United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization.参考答案：错误[判断题]30.Actual meaning refers to the meaning of an isolated word in adictionary.参考答案：错误第三次作业[单选题]Exercise 3 Multiple ChoiceBeneath each sentence there are 4 words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the word or phrase that correctly completes the sentence.1. The scientists realized it would be too to ship allpeople in one boat because it was fragile.A：boldB：daringC：riskyD：dangerous参考答案：C[单选题]2. The football player had studied economics in the university forof roughly six years.A：a decadeB：a timeC：an ageD：a period参考答案：D[单选题]3. The energy gained from the sun can then be used during the night toenable the necessary chemical reactions to __________ in his body. A：precedeB：proceedC：progressD：practise参考答案：B[单选题]4. When Pilot Officer Peter Thwaites was away on business, his neighborgave his wife _________ with the housework.A：an aidB：a helpC：a handD：a lift参考答案：C[单选题]5. There is a __________ of vegetables in Shanghai at the moment becauseof the cold weather.A：shortageB：wantC：needD：desire参考答案：A[单选题]6. Only the headwaiter has some professional hotel so theservice is rather slow and inefficient.A：learningB：instructingC：teachingD：training参考答案：D[单选题]7. When the Victorians had family reunions, the hosts wenttheir way to entertain the guests.A：in forB：overC：out ofD：back on参考答案：C[单选题]8. When there is conflict territory, animals will commonlyuse force.A：forB：overC：withD：by参考答案：B[单选题]9. Having pushed her son, Eve gave him a dismissivetowards the car.A：pushB：pullC：drawD：drag参考答案：A[单选题]10. Mr. Harrington asked his son Clive to buy a of bread forhis breakfast at the baker's near his school.A：poundB：loafC：packetD：bag参考答案：B[单选题]11.Which of the following usually appears inpoems?A：horseB：steedC：gee-geeD：nag参考答案：B[单选题]12. Which of the following words is of Latin origin?A：fastB：firmC：secureD：bath A and B参考答案：B[单选题]13. Which of the following words is INCORROCT in word formation? A：unhorseB：unmannedC：unfrostD：unhappy参考答案：C[单选题]14. Which of the following word is NOT a compound?A：small talkB：wet dayC：darkroomD：hot dog参考答案：B[单选题]15. Which of the following is formed by blending?A：popB：sightseeC：copterD：boatel参考答案：D[单选题]16. What is the meaning of "nice” in "He is too nice about his food”? A：foolishB：excellentC：veryD： particular about small things参考答案：D[单选题]17. The antonym of "fresh” in "fresh bread” is ________.A：staleB：stuffyC：fadedD：tired参考答案：A[单选题]18. We saw a ________ of how to revive a person who has been almost drowned. A：exhibitionB：demonstrationC：spectacleD：show参考答案：B[单选题]19. I will take you to a most interesting ________ of nineteenth century. A：wonderB：exhibitionC：expositionD：display参考答案：B[单选题]20. No new ideas _______ from the meeting.A：emergedB：submergedC：mergedD：immerged参考答案：A[单选题]21. After his recovery from illness, he ________ his former position. A：assumedB：presumedC：consumedD：resumed参考答案：D[单选题]22. All our attempts to ________ the child from drowning were in vain. A：regainB：recoverC：reserveD：rescue参考答案：D[单选题]23. Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severecritic of the government's ________ policies.A：economicalB：economyC：economicD：economics参考答案：B[单选题]24. The main characters in the novel seem so true to life, but actually,they are entirely ________.A：imaginaryB：imaginativeC：imaginedD：imaginable参考答案：A[单选题]25. American women were ________ the right to vote until 1920 after manyyears of hard struggle.A：ignoredB：neglectedC：deniedD：refused参考答案：C[单选题]26. An agreement was ________ last Friday by the two parties.A：arrived atB：arrived inC：occurredD：realized参考答案：A[单选题]27. As ________ announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Exportcommodities Fair is also open on Sundays.A：beingB：isC：to beD：been参考答案：B[单选题]28. Before he started the work, I asked the builder to give me an ________of the cost of repairing the roof.A：assessmentB：estimateC：announcementD：evaluation参考答案：B[单选题]29. Communication is the process of ________ a message from a source toan audience via a channel.A：transmittingB：submittingC：transformingD：switching参考答案：A[单选题]30. Contrary ________ public opinion, this area has long been a heavenfor all forms of insect life.A：withB：toC：atD：for参考答案：B第四次作业[论述题]Exercise 4 TranslationTranslating the following sentences into Chinese.1. Drunkenness reveals what soberness conceals.2. Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.3. The thirsty soil drank in the rain.4. He commanded a fleet of thirty sails.5. It is no use crying over spoilt milk.6. Strike while the iron is hot.7. Birds of a feather flock together.8. Most of the city families have a fridge.9. Tom is the VIP in our company.10. We put quality above quantity参考答案：Exercise 4 Translation1. 酒后吐真言。