第二部分爱尔兰共和国第11章地理和历史11.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Geographical FeaturesⅡ. Climate and Weather1. The Northwest2. Connacht and Clare3. The Southwest4. The Southeast5. The Central Lowland6. The NortheastⅢ. Population and ReligionⅣ. Historical BackgroundⅤ. Foreign PolicyⅠ. Geographical Features1. The Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland, on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. George’s Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.2. The capital is Dublin.3. Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland.4. The Irish coast, with its striking cliffs, is among the most impressive in Europe.5. As Ireland was completely covered by ice sheets during the Ice Age, all extant plants and animals are migrant species from other parts of Europe.Ⅰ. 地理特征1. 爱尔兰共和国的东北部和北爱尔兰接壤，东部和东南部是爱尔兰海和圣乔治海峡，北部和西部是大西洋。
2. 首都是都柏林。
3. 低地的主要特点是多样性。
爱尔兰的核心地区是中央低地。
4. 爱尔兰海岸有惊人的悬崖，是欧洲最令人印象深刻的风景。
5. 在冰河时期，爱尔兰完全被冰覆盖，所有现存的植物和动物都来自欧洲其他地区。
Ⅱ. Climate and WeatherThe weather of Ireland is described as “mild,moist and changeable.” Ireland has excessive rainfall. Geographers have distinguished six climatic regions as follows.1. The NorthwestThe annual rainfall is from 1,016 to 1,778 mm with the maximum in winter. The mean temperatures for January, the coolest month, are about 5℃, with the summer means about 13℃ or 14℃.2. Connacht and ClareThis region is similar to the Northwest, with slightly milder winters and warmer summers.3. The SouthwestThe region has rain on three days out of four, with an average of more than an hour’s sun per day in December and January.4. The SoutheastThe winters are mild, with means of 6℃to 7℃ along the southern coast.The summer months are comparatively warm with July means of 15℃ to 16℃.5. The Central LowlandThis is the area of the lightest rainfall in Ireland. The mean winter temperatures are about 4℃ to 5℃.6. The NortheastThe climate here is cooler throughout the year than in the rest of the country. The rainfall is 762 to 1,016 mm in the lowlands but higher in the Mourne Mountains Grassland.Ⅱ. 气候和天气爱尔兰的天气温和，湿润而又多变。
爱尔兰降雨过多。
地理学家划分了六大不同气候区。
1. 西北地区年降水量是1016—1778毫米，冬天最多。
1月份最为凉爽，平均气温是5摄氏度，夏天的平均气温是13或14摄氏度。
2. 康诺特城和克莱尔这一地区和西北地区相似，冬天稍微温和，夏天更为温暖。
3. 西南地区这一地区每四天中有三天降水，十二月和一月的平均日照时间为一个多小时。
4. 东南地区冬天温和，南部沿海地区气温平均为六到七摄氏度。
夏天相对温暖，七月份平均温度为15到16摄氏度。
5. 中央低地这一地区是爱尔兰降水最少的地区。
冬天的平均温度为四到五摄氏度。
6. 东北地区这一地区全年的气候比爱尔兰其他地区的气候要凉爽。
低地的降水量为762到1016毫米，但在莫恩山脉草原的降水量相对更高。
Ⅲ. Population and Religion1. The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic.2. The year 1845, when the Great Famine began, marks the end of one era and the beginning of another in the social history of Ireland.3. There are two official languages in Ireland. They are Irish (or Gaelic) and English.4. Ireland is one of the most Catholic countries of Europe. Irish Catholicism extends far beyond the borders of Ireland as a result of the large 19th-century emigration.5. The Anglican Church of Ireland is the largest non-Catholic denomination.Ⅲ. 人口和宗教1. 爱尔兰的人口在1990年是为350万。
爱尔兰基本的民族是凯尔特人。
2. 1845年，大饥荒开始，标志着爱尔兰社会历史上一个时代的结束和另一个时代的开始。
3. 爱尔兰有两种官方语言，分别为爱尔兰语和英语。
4. 爱尔兰是欧洲最信奉天主教的国家之一。
由于19世纪大移民，爱尔兰天主教远远传播到了爱尔兰边界之外。
5. 爱尔兰圣公会是最大的非天主教教派。
Ⅳ. Historical Background1. Ireland was invaded by a number of Celtic tribes in prehistoric times. The most important were the Gaels.2. T owards the end of the 8th century the Viking invasions began.3. Henry Ⅷ was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control. The Tudors forced the Protestant Reformation and English law on the Irish.4. Irish nationalism became stronger in the early decades of the 20th century and climaxed in the Easter Uprising of 1916 in which an Irish Republic was proclaimed. Ⅳ. 历史背景1. 史前时代，许多凯尔特部落入侵了爱尔兰。
其中最重要的部落是盖尔人。
2. 8世纪末期，维京人入侵爱尔兰。
3. 亨利八世是第一位将整个爱尔兰置于英国统治之下的国王。
都铎王朝强制在爱尔兰推行新教改革和英国法律。
4. 爱尔兰的民族主义在20世纪的头几十年势头渐盛，在1916年的复活节起义中达到高潮，爱尔兰共和国宣告成立。
Ⅴ. Foreign Policy1. Since independence, Ireland has adhered to a policy of neutrality and nonalignment.2. Since Ireland joined the EC in 1973, its foreign policy has shifted from a concentration on relations with the United Kingdom to the broader arena of European unity.3. Ireland established diplomatic relations with China on June 22, 1979.Ⅴ. 外交政策1. 自从独立以来，爱尔兰坚持中立和不结盟的政策。
2. 1973年爱尔兰加入欧共体之后，其外交政策从集中与英国搞好关系转变为与欧洲更广泛地区建立友好关系。
3. 1979年6月22日，爱尔兰与中国建立了外交关系。
11.2 课后习题详解1. Explain why Ireland has been geographically compared to a basin.Key: Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highlands. The central plain area is characterized by many lakes, bogs (wet areas) and low ridges. The principal mountain ranges are the Mourne Mountains.2. What is the largest river in Ireland? Why is it important to Ireland?。