Types of Sentence (句子的类型)
1. 陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句. （declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences） 2. 简单句，并列句，复合句，和并列复合句 (simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences) 3. 松散句，圆周句和对偶句(loose, periodic, and balanced sentences) 4. 短句和长句(short and long sentences)
4.短句和长句(short and long sentences)
• 根据句子长短来分 • 短句：语气强而有力，令人瞩目，适宜陈 述重要的事实和想法。 • 长句：含有修饰词，能准确表达复杂的思 想，适宜于解释观点，理论或描写有很多 细节的事物。 • 但是对于中国学生来讲，因为受到母语影 响，学会写长句表达连贯，通顺的意思才 是锻炼的重点。
指出下列各句的类型（松散，圆周，对偶句）
1. She missed the step and sprained her ankle. 2. Badly frightened by the explosion, the boy rushed out of the laboratory. 3. The Wangs must have gone away for the summer holidays, for we have not seen them for a long time. 4. It will not be done by the Government; it cannot be done by Parliament. 5. Our friends, who had started before us, promised that they would meet us, but when we arrived at the bus stop, they were nowhere to be seen.
• 6. We have made some progress. We still have a long way to go. • 7. The sky was cloudless. The sun was shining brightly. • 8. There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane. About one third of them were foreigners. • 9. The girl began to learn to play piano when she was a child. Her mother was a famous pianist. • 10. Napoleon was born in Corsica in 1769. At that time the island had just been acquired by France.
More Examples
• She decided to study English though she was interested in music. • Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English. • 第一个句子的第一个部分是完整的结构，除去第二部分仍 然成立，为松散句。 • 第二个句子第一部分只是从句，起来修饰说明的作用，加 上第二部分才是完整的句子，为圆周句。
并列句
包含两个或者更多个的独立从句（或简单 句）。这些意思 相关的独立从句用并列连 词（and, but, or）或分号等连接起来。意 思相关的各从句不相互矛盾，大致同等重 要，并按一定顺序排列。 如：Lin looks like Li; however, they are not related. He can go to Canada to have further education or he has the choice to stay.
复合句
• 包含一个主句和一个或者更多的从句。主 句和从句从连词来显示它们的关系。从句 可以充当全句的主语，宾语，表语，定语 或状语。 • 如： The one who sat in front of me is Mr. Chen. • Even the wisest one, who was usually quick in thinking and action, was silent this time.
写作中这种类型句子要注意的地方
• 1. 简单句强劲有力，意思清楚，和长句子 一起用还会使句式富于变化。 • 简单句一般用于表达需要强调或重要的 意思。 • 2. 长的并列复合句可以容纳多种修饰词能 清楚并准确地表达复杂的意思。
改写下列句子，把短句变为并列句、复合句或带有 分词短语、介词短语或其他短语的句子： • 1. Xu comes from a working-class family. He enrolled in college last fall. • 2. The dean issued a bulletin. It said the library would remain open at weekend. • 3. Last night was a wild night. The thunder roared. The wind blew a gale. The rain fell in torrents. • 4. There are icicles on the trees. The temperature must have fallen considerable during the night . • 5. He returned to his hometown. He had been away for 12 years. He looked in vain for the familiar landmarks.
松散句比较易懂，简单，自然和直接。 圆周句比较复杂，着重，正式和文雅。 对偶句的语气强劲有力，因为包含相反的意思，节 奏和谐而悦耳，容易给人留下深刻的印象。如： Let us be ruthless in our criticism, cruel to personal vanities, indifferent to age, rank or experience if these stand in our way. On hearing the news, he was angered, and I was saddened.
1.陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句 .
根据用法来分，句子可分为陈述句，疑问句， 祈使句和感叹句.
陈述句： 陈述观点和事实 疑问句： 提出问题 祈使句：表达命令和请求 感叹句：抒发强烈的感情
2.简单句，并列句，复合句，和并列复合句
• 按句子结构划分 简单句：一个主语和一个谓语动词，但可以 有几个宾语，定语或状语。 如：We encouraged our children to be brave. 但是如下句子：He and his brothers went to town and bought a pile of books.有的语法 书做简单句，有的做并列句。
圆周句(periodic sentences)
把最重要的安排在最后面或靠后的位置，读 者只有看完整句话才知道意思。 • With her long hair flowing in the wind, the willow somehow suggested a young woman. • Although he wanted the job more than anything else in the world, he knew he had little chance of getting it.
Coordination and Subordination
• 1.当我们提及同等重要的两件或多件事情或 观点时，我们多采用由并列连词连接的并 列分句(coordinate clauses),这种方法称为 并列(coordination)。 • 而在表达一个主句中更加重要的观点或以 从句来表达不太重要的观点时，我们会使 用从属(subordination)的方法。 • 采用何种方法取决于我们所需要表达的观 点之间的内部关系。
• 试比较。 • I like reading novels.. They often tell me interesting and moving stories. Some stories are also instructive. They
3.松散句，圆周句和对偶句(loose, periodic, and balanced sentences) 从修辞的角度来看，句子有松散句，圆周句 和对偶句(loose, periodic, and balanced sentences)之分。
松散句((loose sentences)
把主要意思放在次要意思之前，先说最重要 的事情，读者看到前面的词就知道这个句 子的内容。(即重要的先说） • He knew he had little chance of getting the job, although he wanted it more than anything else in the world. • The willow somehow suggested a young woman, with her long hair flowing in the wind.
• It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(?)