CatalogueChapter 1 (2)Chapter 2 (5)Chapter 3 (6)Chapter 4 (8)Chapter 5 (9)Chapter 6 (11)Chapter 7 (12)Chapter 8 (15)Chapter 9 (16)Chapter 11．Culture ：➢Anthropological（人类学）：It consists of patterns, explicit（含蓄的）and implicit（明晰的）, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted（传承的）by symbols, constituting（组成）the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts（工艺品）; the essential core（核心）of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached（关联的）values.”➢Psychological（心理学）：Culture is the collective programming of the mind whichdistinguishes the members of one category of people from another.➢Sociological（社会学）：Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perception —including both verbal and nonverbal language attitudes, values, belief system, disbeliefsystems, and behavior.Culture pervades(遍及) all these areas：arts and artifacts, beliefs, behaviors, ceremonies, concept of self, customs, ideas and thought patterns, ideals, knowledge, laws, language,manners, morals, myths and legends, religion, rituals(仪式), social institutions(社会机构), tools, and values. Culture is the total sum of human society and its meanings.➢Intercultural（知性）:Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.➢Summary：We define culture as “the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations throughindividual and group striving.2．Visible Culture: According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”.3．Invisible Culture:4．The nature of Culture(文化属性):a)C ulture is like an iceberg.(参见9,10)b)C ulture is our software.c)C ulture is like the water a fish swims in：The fish takes the water for granted because itis totally surrounded by the water that it really cannot imagine another environment. Thesame is true for us. Our culture is so much a part of who we are and what the world is like for us that we do not notice it. We take it for granted.d)C ulture is the grammar of our behavior: In order to behave appropriately(合适地) in anysociety, people need to know the culture. It includes all the rules that make actionsmeaningful to the people around them.5．Characteristic of Culture ：a)C ulture is learned(习得的)：We learn our culture: ①through proverbs(谚语)②from folklore(民间故事)③through art④mass media(大众传媒).b)C ulture is dynamic(动态的):Four major aspects account for the change of cultures: ①technological invention②disaster: include natural and human calamities(灾难)③culturecontact(文化接触)④environment factors(环境因素).c)C ulture is pervasive(普遍的)：Like the air we breathe, culture penetrates(渗透) into everyaspect of our life and influences the way we think, the way we talk, and the way we behave.d)C ulture is integrated(综合的)：Culture functions as(起到作用) an integrated whole and it issystemic. You touch a culture in one place and everything else is affected.e)C ulture is adaptive(具有适应性的)：History abounds(富于) with examples of how cultureshave changed because of laws, natural disasters, wars, or other calamities.6．Cultural Identity(文化身份)：Cultural identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic(种族的；民族的) group.7．Formation of Cultural Identitya)Unexamined Cultural Identity (文化身份不确定阶段):take for granted;little interest;lack anawareness of.b)Cultural Identity Search(找寻文化身份阶段):c)Cultural Identity Achievement(习得文化身份阶段):8．Subculture(亚文化):➢It refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture(主流文化), and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.➢Subcultures refer to different social communities that share race, or ethnic background, or profession, or gender, or age, or sexual preference.➢A subculture resembles(类似，像) a culture in that it usually encompasses(包含) a relatively large number of people and represents(代表) the accumulation(积累) of generations ofhuman striving. However, subcultures have some important differences: they exist withindominant cultures(主流文化) and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.9．Co-culture(共文化): No one culture is superior to other co-exiting cultures. It refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.10．Subgroup(亚群体):It does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. Subgroups can be as small as a few people or as large as a major religion.11．Characteristics of Subgroups:a)“Deviant” label: It simply means differing from the cultural norm, such as vegetarians in ameat-eating society.b)T emporality: Members may participate for a time and later become inactive or separate from italtogether.c)“Wanna-be” behavior:An individual who imitates the behavior of a group he or she desires tobelong to.Chapter 2ponents of Communication(交际要素):a)Sender/Source (信息源): It is the person who transmits a message.b)Message: It is any signal that triggers(引发，引起) the response of a receiver.c)Encoding(编码): Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choosecertain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional(故意的，计划的) message.d)Channel /Medium: It is the method used to deliver a message.e)Receiver: It is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.f)Decoding(解码): It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to thewords or symbols he/she has received.g)Feedback (反馈): The response of a receiver to a sender’s message.h)Noise：is anything that distorts（interfere干扰）the message, including externalnoise(外界干扰)，physiological noise(生理干扰) ,psychological noise(心理干扰) andsemantic noise(语义干扰). Noise is inevitable(必然的，不可避免的).i)Context(语境): The setting or situation within which communication takes place.2.Intercultural communication(跨文化交际): It is the communication between people ofdifferent cultural backgrounds whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinctenough to alter the communication events.3.Intracultural communication(文化内交际): It is defined as communication between oramong members of the same culture.4.Interpersonal communication(人际交流): It is form of communication that involves a smallnumber of individuals who are interacting(交流) exclusively(专有地)with one another andwho therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations(解释) from them .5.International communication(国际交流): it takes place between nations and governmentsrather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized(仪式化的).6.Interracial communication(跨种族交际): It occurs when the sender and the receiverexchanging messages are from different races.7.Interethnic communication(跨民族交际): It refers to communication between people of thesame race but different ethnic backgrounds.8.Interregional communication(跨地域交际): This term refers to the exchange of messagesbetween members of the dominant culture within a country.These are members of a culture who share common messages and experiences over a long period of time. However, they live in different regions of the same country.Chapter 31.Sensation(感觉):It is the neurological(神经学上的) process by which people become aware oftheir environment.2.Perceiving:a)Perception(知觉)：I t is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, andespecially people and their behavior through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition(认知) in the interpretation(解释) of the sensory information.（知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。